Endocrine system Flashcards
major endocrine glands
hypothalamus
thyroid
parathyroid
pineal
islets of langerhans
adrenals
pituitary
what does t
what does the thyroid gland secrete?
T3, T4, and calcitonin
T3, and T4 increase metabolism and increase growth development
what do the adrenal glands secrete?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
pancreas secretes…
insulin and glucagon
pituitary gland
the master endocrine gland
makes growth hormone
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin
5 diff types of cells in anterior pituitary
Somatotropes –> GH
lactotropes or mammotroph?–> PRL
gonadotropes –> FSH and LH
corticotropes –> ACTH
thyrotropes –> TSH
Graves disease
Body creates antibodies to the TSH receptors on follicular cells
parathyroid
secretes parathormone –> secreted in response to low concentrations of calcium, if this doesnt work then the thyroid will secrete calcitonin
adrenal gland
what are the layers to the adrenal gland regions?
Adrenal cortex and
adrenal medulla –> stress hormone
stimulate sympathetic ANS (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
what are the adrenal cortex zones?
Zona reticularis –> stimulat emasculinizationsandrogens
zona fascuculata –> Glucocorticosteroids - Regulate glucose metabolism (Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
zona glomerulosa –> regulate mineral balance (mineralcorticoids) (ALDOSTERONE)
cushing syndrome
elevated circulating corticosteroid, especially cortisol
effects mroe women than men
caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, which lead to pituitary and adrenal histopathology
addisons disease
primary adrenocortical insufficeincy
disorder of the adrenal cortex leading to inadequate production of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones.
causes:
incomplete development of the cortex or its destruction by autoimmune disease ,
Severe infection such as tuberculosis , or idiopathic atrophy .
Insufficient corticosteroid hormones result in raised pituitary ACTH levels
tumors of the adrenal gland
Pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma
neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of infant and childhood
kidneys are retroperitoneal
Pancreas cell types and hormones
major exocrine gland of the digestive tract
Alpha cells - Glucagon
Beta Cells - INSULIN
Delta cells - SOMATOSTATIN
major componenet of homeostatic response of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
mediates the effects of stressors by regulating metabolism, immune response, and the ANS
circulating hormones
Hormones that travel in blood and act on distant target cells are called circulating hormones or endocrines.
Local hormones
Hormones that act locally without first entering the blood stream are called local hormones.
Types of intercellular communication
Autocrine –> a cell targets itself
Paracrine –> a cell signals a nearby cell
Endocrine –> a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
both endocrine and nervous system s
share many chemical messengers ( norepinephrine and epinephrine)
are regulated mainly by negative feeback
RAAS –> renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system
regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance
converts prorenin to renin
renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I by angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II by the converting enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensin II gets degraded to angiotensin III
Angiotensin inhibitors
ACE inhibitors prevents enzyme in the body from making angiotensin II (which is a substance that narrows the blood vessels)
helps relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure
RAAS INcreaseing
Increase inflammation, causes an increased in your RAAS system and an increase in your angiotensin II
nephron in kidneys, two main parts
Tubules –> has three parts , two highly coiled parts, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule
corpuscles
loop of henle
is ALWAYS a U shaped tubule, with a descending limb and an ascending limb
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Regulates filtration
granular cells –> enlarged
baroreceptorsplasma osmolality
Plasma osmolarity increases –> ADH releases –> water gets reabsorbed –> decreases plasma osmolarity –> ADH stops releasing
LIVER
produces CO2, WATER and LACTATE
is responsible for, glycogen, production of glucose, glycogenolysis, glucose goes to your muscle
know what the organ is and what hormones
