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Anatomy > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

major endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus
thyroid
parathyroid
pineal
islets of langerhans
adrenals
pituitary

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2
Q

what does t

A
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

what does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T3, T4, and calcitonin

T3, and T4 increase metabolism and increase growth development

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5
Q

what do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

pancreas secretes…

A

insulin and glucagon

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7
Q

pituitary gland

A

the master endocrine gland

makes growth hormone
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone

prolactin

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7
Q

5 diff types of cells in anterior pituitary

A

Somatotropes –> GH

lactotropes or mammotroph?–> PRL

gonadotropes –> FSH and LH

corticotropes –> ACTH

thyrotropes –> TSH

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8
Q

Graves disease

A

Body creates antibodies to the TSH receptors on follicular cells

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9
Q

parathyroid

A

secretes parathormone –> secreted in response to low concentrations of calcium, if this doesnt work then the thyroid will secrete calcitonin

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10
Q

adrenal gland

A
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11
Q

what are the layers to the adrenal gland regions?

A

Adrenal cortex and

adrenal medulla –> stress hormone
stimulate sympathetic ANS (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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12
Q

what are the adrenal cortex zones?

A

Zona reticularis –> stimulat emasculinizationsandrogens

zona fascuculata –> Glucocorticosteroids - Regulate glucose metabolism (Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)

zona glomerulosa –> regulate mineral balance (mineralcorticoids) (ALDOSTERONE)

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13
Q

cushing syndrome

A

elevated circulating corticosteroid, especially cortisol

effects mroe women than men

caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, which lead to pituitary and adrenal histopathology

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14
Q

addisons disease

A

primary adrenocortical insufficeincy
disorder of the adrenal cortex leading to inadequate production of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones.

causes:
incomplete development of the cortex or its destruction by autoimmune disease ,
Severe infection such as tuberculosis , or idiopathic atrophy .

Insufficient corticosteroid hormones result in raised pituitary ACTH levels

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15
Q

tumors of the adrenal gland

A

Pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma

neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of infant and childhood

16
Q

kidneys are retroperitoneal

A
17
Q

Pancreas cell types and hormones

A

major exocrine gland of the digestive tract

Alpha cells - Glucagon

Beta Cells - INSULIN

Delta cells - SOMATOSTATIN

18
Q

major componenet of homeostatic response of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

A

mediates the effects of stressors by regulating metabolism, immune response, and the ANS

19
Q

circulating hormones

A

Hormones that travel in blood and act on distant target cells are called circulating hormones or endocrines.

20
Q

Local hormones

A

Hormones that act locally without first entering the blood stream are called local hormones.

21
Q

Types of intercellular communication

A

Autocrine –> a cell targets itself

Paracrine –> a cell signals a nearby cell

Endocrine –> a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

22
Q

both endocrine and nervous system s

A

share many chemical messengers ( norepinephrine and epinephrine)

are regulated mainly by negative feeback

23
Q

RAAS –> renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system

A

regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance

converts prorenin to renin

renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I by angiotensinogen

Angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II by the converting enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Angiotensin II gets degraded to angiotensin III

24
Q

Angiotensin inhibitors

A

ACE inhibitors prevents enzyme in the body from making angiotensin II (which is a substance that narrows the blood vessels)

helps relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure

25
Q

RAAS INcreaseing

A

Increase inflammation, causes an increased in your RAAS system and an increase in your angiotensin II

26
Q

nephron in kidneys, two main parts

A

Tubules –> has three parts , two highly coiled parts, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule

corpuscles

27
Q

loop of henle

A

is ALWAYS a U shaped tubule, with a descending limb and an ascending limb

28
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

Regulates filtration

granular cells –> enlarged

29
Q

baroreceptorsplasma osmolality

A

Plasma osmolarity increases –> ADH releases –> water gets reabsorbed –> decreases plasma osmolarity –> ADH stops releasing

30
Q

LIVER

A

produces CO2, WATER and LACTATE

is responsible for, glycogen, production of glucose, glycogenolysis, glucose goes to your muscle

31
Q

know what the organ is and what hormones

A

Anatomy (7 decks)

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