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Anatomy > Anatomy September > Flashcards

Anatomy September Flashcards

1
Q

meninges

A

Dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

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1
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Conscious though processes, intellectual functions
  • memory storage and processing
  • conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
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2
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
  • adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
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3
Q

medulla oblongata

A

Controls blood flow through peripheral tissues
Cardiac and vasomotor centers

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4
Q

circle of willis

A

supplies blood to the brain
contains:
1. anterior communicating artery
2. middle cerebral artery
3. posterior cerebral artery
4. posterierior communicating artery

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5
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Produces CSF
- removes waste products from CSF

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6
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

some drugs can pass through BBB

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7
Q

What does the common carotid artery hold?

A

Common carotid artery holds the carotid body and carotid sinus and this rises from the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

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8
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

If you put ice in the chest and it is touching the phrenic nerve,

You can get Phrenic nerve paralysis which makes you unable to breathe

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9
Q

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

A

CPP = MAP - ICP
MAP = Mean arterial Pressure
ICP = Intracranial Pressure

Slide 90

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10
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

three related syndromes – compression of nerves, arteries, and veins in lower neck

causes pain in the arm, shoulder, and neck

SLIDE 93

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11
Q

how much cardiac output and oxygen does the brain require

A

15% - cardiac output
O2 = 20%

slide 100

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12
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
  • pelvic girdle

slide 107

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13
Q

Sternotomy/ media sternotomy

A

when they cut the sternum to perform open heart surgery

bone can bleed

they close the sternotomy with wires and the sternum grows back

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac muscle cells
- Are small
- are typically branched with a single nucleus
- have short, wide T tubules
–> NO triads
- Have SR with no terminal cisternae
- are almost totally dependent on AEROBIC METABOLISM
–> contain lots of myoglobin, many mitochondria
- contact each other via INTERCALATED DISCS

SLIDE 184

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15
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Intercalated discs
- Specialized connections
- Join sarcolemmas of adjacent cardiac muscle cells by gap junctions and desmosomes
- Functions include
- Stabilizing positions of adjacent cells
- Maintaining three-dimensional structure of tissue
- Allowing ions to move from one cell to another
–> So cardiac muscle cells beat in rhythm

SLIDE 185

16
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Automaticity
- Contraction without neural stimulation
- Controlled by pacemaker cells

  • Nervous system can alter pace and tension of contractions
  • Contractions last 10 times longer than those in skeletal muscle, and refractory periods are longer
  • Wave summation and tetanic contractions are prevented due to special properties of sarcolemma

SLIDE 189

17
Q

fluid dynamics

A

P = Q x R

the pressure gradient between two points is equal to the product of flow and resistance

Slide 192

18
Q

hemodilution

A

cause viscosity to drop ,decrease resistance to flow, the resistance is the pts vascular system
Have to flow higher when you hemodilute

SLIDE 192

19
Q

advantages to hemodilution & CPB priming solutions

A

SLIDE 193

20
Q

Predicted HcT during CPB

A

Predicting HCT during CPB = Patients RBC volume before CPB/ (Patients estimated blood volume + CPB prime volume + pre-CPB intravenous fluid volume)

21
Q

(Resistance) arterioles: friction

A

SLIDE 196

22
Q

Perkinje fibers and SA Node

A

Slide 250

23
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • released by adrenergic synapses
  • excitatory and depolarizing effect
  • widely distributed in the brain and Porians of ANS

slide 253

24
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

controls diaphragm

damage is common in cardiac surgery involving use of ice slush - paralyzing this vein and making it hard to breathe

25
Q

vagus nerve

A

known as the tenth cranial nerve

carries sensory fibers that create a pathway that interfaces with the sympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.

it comprises two nerves - left and right vagus nerves

it is the longest nerve of the autonomic system and has both sensory and motor fibers

26
Q

alveoli

A

they will ask questions about their physiology and gas exchanges…NOTHING about anatomy

max surface area, makes it possible for every RBC to become oxygenated

27
Q

surfactant

A

oily secretion

coats the alveolar surface and reduces surface tension

28
Q

external respiration vs internal respiration

A

Abnormal external respiration is dangerous - HYPOXIA - low tissue oxygen levels

IR: uptake of O2 and release of CO2 by cells
result of cellular respiration
- Anoxia - complete lack of oxygen in tissues

29
Q

Daltons law

A

Each gas contributes to total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance

30
Q

Partial pressure

A

Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture

In atmospheric air (760 mm Hg)
Nitrogen (N2) is 78.6 percent (597 mm Hg)
Oxygen (O2) is 20.9 percent (159 mm Hg)
Water vapor (H2O) is 0.5 percent (3.7 mm Hg)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is 0.04 percent (0.3 mm Hg)

Partial pressures in plasma of pulmonary vein
PCO2 = 40 mm Hg
PO2 = 100 mm Hg
PN2 = 573 mm Hg

31
Q

Gas exchange

A

Solubility of gases in body fluids

CO2 is highly soluble
O2 is somewhat less soluble
N2 has very limited solubility

32
Q

henrys law

A

Diffusion between liquids and gases

At a given temperature, amount of a gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas

When gas under pressure contacts a liquid, pressure forces gas molecules into solution

At equilibrium -
Gas molecules diffuse out of liquid as quickly as they enter it
Number of gas molecules in solution is constant

33
Q

oxyhemoglobin dissocation curve

A

The relationship between pO2 and SaO2 can be represented by the oxygen dissociation curve, whichrepresents oxygen saturation (y-axis) as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen (x-axis). The sigmoid or S-shape of the curve is due to the positive cooperativity of hemoglobin.

Slide 177

34
Q

Bohr effect

A

the effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation curve

Caused by CO2

CO2 diffuses into RBCs

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reaction with H2O

Producing carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)

Hydrogen ions diffuse out of RBC, lowering pH

35
Q
A

Anatomy (7 decks)

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