Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Addison’s Disease

A
  • Low cortisol, lack of aldosterone by the adrenal gland
  • Assess blood pressure (low) and heart rhythm (high)
  • Presentation:
    hyperpigmentation
    weak
    craves salty food
    hypoglycemic

-Addisonian Crisis:
similar to signs of shock
tachycardia
hypotension
pallor
tachypnea
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia

-Treatment:
avoid caffeine
avoid alcohol
high protein
high carbs
lifelong steroid treatment
normal cortisol levels: 5-25

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2
Q

Cushing’s Disease and Syndrome

A
  • High cortisol due to hypersecretion of glucocorticosteroids

-Presentation
osteoporosis
upper body obesity and thin extremeties
amenorrhea
elevated triglycerides and hypertension
increased thirst and urination
hypernatremia

-Dexamesthasone test (9-10 hour test) if cortisol is suppressed it indicates pituitary axis is working normally

-Medications:
metyrapone
aminoglutethimide
mitotane
ketoconazole

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3
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

-low ADH = high urine output
-increase fluids

-Presentations:
decreased urine specific gravity (diluted urine, <1.005)
decreased urine osmolarity
increased sodium
polyuria, polydipsia
tachycardic and dehydrated
weak pulses
hypotension

-treatment:
vasopressin (ADH)

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4
Q

SIADH

A
  • High ADH = low urine output
    -restrict fluids to 500 - 1,000 mL per day

-Presentations:
increased urine specific gravity (>1.030)
decreased sodium
confused
seizures
weakness
anorexia, nasuea, vomiting (from low sodium)
weight gain

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5
Q

Hypoglycemia vs Hyperglycemia

A

-Hypoglycemia:
sweating
tachycardia
tremors
palpitations
hunger
anxiety

-Hyperglycemia:
warm skin
rapid respirations
changes in mental status

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6
Q

DKA

A
  • elevated BUN (>20), creatinine(>1.5), specific gravity (>1.030)
  • blood sugar 300-800 (less than 300 is an improvement)
  • common for type I diabetes
  • caused by missed dose of insulin, infection, untreated diabetes
  • polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
  • metabolic acidosis with ketonuria
  • kussmaul’s respirations
  • treat with IV fluids 0.9% IV fluids followed by 0.45%, followed by D5W once blood glucose is <250. Secondly, treat with insulin at 0.1mg/kr/hr (regular insulin is the only one that can be given IV). check glucose hourly
  • monitor K+
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7
Q

HHS

A
  • high urine specific gravity, high BUN,
  • hypotension, tachycardic
  • administer fluids as you would with DKA
  • blood sugar >600
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8
Q

Thyroid Storm

A
  • Individual’s heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature can soar to dangerously high levels.
  • can happen after thyroidectomy, monitor temp.
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