Endocrine system

Question 1

Distinguish between hormones, autocrine and paracrine. Provide examples to help illustrate your answer.

Answer 1

autocrine- act on the same cells, certain prostaglandins released by SM (muscle causes SM muscle to contract)
Paracrine - acts on adjacent cells
hormones released by hypothalamus direct PG
Endocrine= distant cells
pituitary glands stimulating gonads

Question 2

Distinguish between the two main classifications of hormones.

Answer 2

Amino acid based-
water soluble
cannot cross the plasma membrane
most hormones

Steroid based-
lipid soluble
can cross the plasma membrane
adrenocortical hormone and gonadal

Question 3

What endocrine organ controls the blood sugar and what type of hormones it consist of?

Answer 3

Pancreas:
- insulin: decreases blood sugar
- glucogen : increases blood sugar

Question 4

A rise in blood glucose levels triggers release of insulin from the pancreas. This mechanism of hormone production is stimulated by which of the following?

Answer 4

Humoral stimuli

Question 5

Describe the types of stimuli

Answer 5

1. Humoral - the basic type of control ( secretes hormones in direct response to changing the blood level of a certain ion
2. neural - nerves ( nerve fibers stimulate hormonal release)
   - response to stress sympathetic NS –> stimulates adrenal medulla to release epi and norephedrine
3. hormonal -
   endocrine gland release their hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands

Question 6

What hormones are found in Gonads?

Answer 6

FSH AND LH

Question 7

What hormones are found mammary gland?

Answer 7

Oxytocin and prolactin

Question 8

Name the gonads, gametes, and processes of gametogenesis of human reproduction.

Answer 8

Male:

Gonads
testis
Gametes
spermatozoa
Gametogenesis:
spermatogenesis

Female:
Gonads
ovaries
Gametes
the ova
Gametogenesis:
Oogenesis