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(Q3) BE - ANA 102 > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

True or false. Endocrine and nervous system compliment each other

A

True

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2
Q

The endocrine system relies on the production and release of hormones from various glands transport of hormones via the ___

A

Bloodstream

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3
Q

the scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs

A

Endocrinology

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4
Q

Hormones are classified chemically as: (3)

A

Amino-acid based, steroids, prostaglandins

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5
Q

Hormones that are proteins, peptides, and amines

A

Amino-acid based

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6
Q

Hormones made from cholesterol

A

Steroids

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7
Q

Hormones made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones

A

Prostaglandins

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8
Q

How do specific hormones only affect certain tissues or organs?

A

Presence of target cells that have specific protein receptors

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9
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by?

A

negative feedback

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10
Q

What triggers the release of more hormone?

A

A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood

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11
Q

Most common category of stimulus. Endocrine organs are activated by other hormones

A

Hormonal stimuli

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12
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral stimuli

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13
Q

What are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels?

A

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

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14
Q

What is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

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15
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release. Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Neural stimuli

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16
Q

All glands have purely endocrine functions except?

A

Pancreas and gonads (they both have endocrine and exocrine)

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17
Q

Pea-sized glands that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain

A

Pituitary gland

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18
Q

Protects the pituitary gland

A

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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19
Q

Glandular tissue that produces a total of 6 pituitary hormones

A

Anterior pituitary

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20
Q

general metabolic hormone ; major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles & long bones

A

Growth hormone

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21
Q

usually result from tumors of the affected gland; hypersecretion of GH during childhood

A

Gigantism

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22
Q

due to hyposecretion of GH during childhood; maximum adult height is 4 feet

A

Dwarfism

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23
Q

stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

A

Prolactin

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24
Q

stimulates follicle development in ovaries (for estrogen production and preparation for ovulation) ; stimulates sperm development in testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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25
Q

triggers ovulation of an egg in females (for progesterone production & some estrogen); stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells in males

A

Luteinizing hormone

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26
Q

Hyposecretion of FSH and LH

A

Sterility

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27
Q

influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

thyroid-stimulating / thyrotropic hormone

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28
Q

regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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29
Q

Does not make the hormones it releases and stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

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30
Q

stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeedings

A

Oxytocin

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31
Q

causes milk ejection in a breastfeeding woman and stops poast-partum bleeding

A

Oxytocin

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32
Q

inhibits urine production (diuresis) by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys, urine volume decreases while blood pressure increases

A

Antidiuretic

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33
Q

Large amounts of antidiuretic causes ___, leading to increased blood pressure

A

Constriction of arterioles

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34
Q

Often called the master endocrine gland

A

Pituitary gland

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35
Q

produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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36
Q

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are carried to posterior pituitary via ___ for storage, they are later released into the blood in response from nerve impulses from the hypothalamus

A

Neurosecretory cells

37
Q

small, o-shaped gland that hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

A

Pineal gland

38
Q

believed to trigger the body’s sleep/wake cycle, known as sleep trigger, and believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans and to inhibit the reproductive system until maturity occurs

A

Melatonin

39
Q

found at the base of the throat, inferior to the adam’s apple. fairly large gland that consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus

A

Thyroid gland

40
Q

major metabolic hormone; controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy ( form of ATP); needed for tissue growth and development (specially in reproductive and nervous system)

A

Thyroid hormone

41
Q

major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles

A

Thyroxine (t4)

42
Q

formed at target tissues; conversion of T4 at target tissues

A

Triiodothyronine (t3)

43
Q

is the enlargement of the thyroid gland which results from the deficiency of iodine from an individual’s diet

A

Goiter

44
Q

Hyposecretion of thyroxine may cause lack of stimulation of thyroid stimulating hormone, if it occurs in early childhood, what will occur?

A

Cretinism

45
Q

in adults, this results in myxedema (characterized by both physical and mental sluggishness; mental impairment does not occur); other signs are puffiness of the face, fatigue, poor muscle tone, no body temp. (always cold), obesity, and dry skin

A

Hypothyroidism

46
Q

generally results from a tumor of a thyroid gland; may be treated surgically by removing the part of the thyroid or chemically with thyroid-blocking drugs or radioactive iodine which destroys some of the thyroid cells

A

Hyperthyroidism

47
Q

is a condition wherein the eyes bulges or protrude anteriorly

A

Exophthalmos

48
Q

one form of hyperthyroidism, overproduction of thyroid hormone

A

Grave’s disease

49
Q

hypocalcemic hormone; decreases blood calcium ion levels by causing calcium deposition on bone

A

Calcitonin

50
Q

Found between the follicles that produces calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

51
Q

True or false. Calcitonin stops when you reach adulthood

A

True

52
Q

located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum. largest in infants and children and decreases in size throughout adulthood

A

Thymus

53
Q

Thymus produces what hormone?

A

Thymosin

54
Q

sit on top of the kidneys (like triangular hats) and has parts made of glandular (in the cortex) and neural tissue (in the medulla)

A

Adrenal gland

55
Q

outer glandular region that has 3 layers that produce corticosteroids: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

56
Q

regulates mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions. also regulates water and electrolyte balance with kidney as the target organ

A

Mineralocorticoids

57
Q

promote normal cell metabolism, operate during resistance stage of the stress response, help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

A

Glucocorticoids

58
Q

these are prescribed as drugs to suppress inflammation for patients with rheumatoid arthritis

A

Glucocorticoids

59
Q

small amounts are made throughout life and are secreted by innermost layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Sex hormones

60
Q

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids

61
Q

Produced in outer adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids

62
Q

hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones leads to a condition called ___, characterized by a peculiar bronze-tone of the skin which resembles a sun tan

A

Addison’s Disease

63
Q

Can be a symptom of Addison’s Disease; a lessened ability to cope with stress/burnout and suppression of immune system thereby increasing susceptibility to infection

A

Hypoglycemia

64
Q

hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormone results to

A

Cusning’s syndrome

65
Q

hypersecretion of sex hormones lead to ___ regardless of sex

A

Masculinization

66
Q

produces 2 similar hormones: catecholamines

A

Adrenal medulla

67
Q

these hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (“fight or flight”) by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels and dilating small passageways of lungs

A

Catecholamines

68
Q

Give some symptoms of hypersecretion of catecholamines

A

Rapid heart beat, high blood pressure, and perspiration

69
Q

located in the abdomen, close to stomach. called a mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

Pancreas

70
Q

also called as islets of Langerhans, scattered among the exocrine tissue of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic islets

71
Q

these hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

A

Insulin and glucagon

72
Q

unables the body to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels

A

Diabetes mellitus

73
Q

beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system, and so no insulin is produced

A

Type 1 diabetes

74
Q

the pancreas produces insulin but target cells do not take up glucose

A

Type 2 diabetes

75
Q

increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells

A

Insulin

76
Q

True or false. Insulin is produced by alpha cells

A

False. They are produced by beta cells

77
Q

Name the sign of diabetes mellitus: excessive urination to flush out glucose and ketones

A

Polyuria

78
Q

Name the sign of diabetes mellitus: excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

79
Q

Name the sign of diabetes mellitus: hunger due to inability to use sugars and the loss of fat and protein in the body

A

polyphagia

80
Q

stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon

81
Q

Produce sex cells and sex hormones

A

Gonads

82
Q

testosterone production is specifically stimulated by

A

Luteinizing hormone

83
Q

female gonads located in the pelvic cavity that produce eggs

A

Ovaries

84
Q

The 2 steroid hormones that ovaries produce

A

Estrogen and progesterone

85
Q

stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics ; mature the female reproductive organs

A

Estrogen

86
Q

acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle ; helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus ; helps prepare breasts for lactation

A

Progesterone

87
Q

male gonads suspended outside the pelvic cavity that produces sperm

A

Testes

88
Q

the most important androgen responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics and promoting growth and maturation of male reproductive system

A

Testosterone

(Q3) BE - ANA 102 (5 decks)

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