Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine system
Chemical communication
Target cell
The cell that a hormone effects
Neurotransmitters
Chemical signals sent from neurons
Neurohormones
Neurotransmitters signals that are directly released into the blood stream
Endocrine signals
Endocrine cells that release chemical signals directly into the blood stream
Autocrine signals
Cells that make hormones that act on it’s self
Integration
- An outside stimulus or feedback signal is released
- Sends the message to endocrine cell
- Hormone is released by the endocrine cell
- Hormone is released into the blood stream
- Target cell acts based on the hormone
- Target cell responds to inhibit the release of more hormone
Neuroendocrine to endocrine pathway
- Stimulus triggers sensory cell
- Sensory cell sends message to cns
- CNS releases a neurohormone
- Neurohormone activates endocrine cell
- Endocrine cell released hormone
- Hormone causes target cell to change
- Target cell send inhibitor to sensory cell, endocrine cell, and CNS
3 types of hormones
- Polypeptides
- Amino acid derivatives
- Steroids
Polypeptide hormones
Hydrophilic hormones that are derived from proteins
Amino acid derivatives
Mostly hydrophilic hormones that are derived from amino acids
Steroids
Lipophilic hormones that are based on cholesterol
Types of steroid hormones
Cortisol, anabolic steroids, estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, retinoid acid, and thyroid hormones
Hydrophilic
Capable of easily traveling through the blood but can only react with target cells on their membrane
Lipophilic
Capable of entering a cell membrane, but not travel easily in the blood
Hormone response element
The receptor that a hormone binds to
Homo-dimers
two identical hormones working on two identical proteins
Hetero-dimers
two different hormones working on two different hormones
Action of steroid hormones
- Diffuse through the plasma membrane
- Binds to hormone receptors in cytosol
- Hormone receptor complex carries hormone into the nucleus
- Hormone receptor complex binds to the response element in the bna
- Acts on gene expression
- Changes protein being made
Dimers
Two factors that act together
Adrenaline effects
dilates pupils, increases heart rate, decreases pain sensitivity, increase metabolic rate, and glucose level increases
Binding of adrenaline
- Adrenaline binds to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane
- G proteins are activated to activate the second messenger
- Adenylyl cyclase is activated to catalyze the formation of cAMP with the help of ATP
- cAMP acts as a second messenger to activate kinase A with ATP
- ATP and kinase A creates phosphorylase kinase
- Another ATP activates phosphorylase kinase
- Phosphorylase kinase causes glucose to be made from glycogen
Signalling cascade
A hydrophilic hormone response that causes many systems to be activated inside the cell
