Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine system

Answer 1

Chemical communication

Question 2

Target cell

Answer 2

The cell that a hormone effects

Question 3

Neurotransmitters

Answer 3

Chemical signals sent from neurons

Question 4

Neurohormones

Answer 4

Neurotransmitters signals that are directly released into the blood stream

Question 5

Endocrine signals

Answer 5

Endocrine cells that release chemical signals directly into the blood stream

Question 6

Autocrine signals

Answer 6

Cells that make hormones that act on it’s self

Question 7

Integration

Answer 7

1. An outside stimulus or feedback signal is released
2. Sends the message to endocrine cell
3. Hormone is released by the endocrine cell
4. Hormone is released into the blood stream
5. Target cell acts based on the hormone
6. Target cell responds to inhibit the release of more hormone

Question 8

Neuroendocrine to endocrine pathway

Answer 8

1. Stimulus triggers sensory cell
2. Sensory cell sends message to cns
3. CNS releases a neurohormone
4. Neurohormone activates endocrine cell
5. Endocrine cell released hormone
6. Hormone causes target cell to change
7. Target cell send inhibitor to sensory cell, endocrine cell, and CNS

Question 9

3 types of hormones

Answer 9

1. Polypeptides
2. Amino acid derivatives
3. Steroids

Question 10

Polypeptide hormones

Answer 10

Hydrophilic hormones that are derived from proteins

Question 11

Amino acid derivatives

Answer 11

Mostly hydrophilic hormones that are derived from amino acids

Question 12

Steroids

Answer 12

Lipophilic hormones that are based on cholesterol

Question 13

Types of steroid hormones

Answer 13

Cortisol, anabolic steroids, estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, retinoid acid, and thyroid hormones

Question 14

Hydrophilic

Answer 14

Capable of easily traveling through the blood but can only react with target cells on their membrane

Question 15

Lipophilic

Answer 15

Capable of entering a cell membrane, but not travel easily in the blood

Question 16

Hormone response element

Answer 16

The receptor that a hormone binds to

Question 17

Homo-dimers

Answer 17

two identical hormones working on two identical proteins

Question 18

Hetero-dimers

Answer 18

two different hormones working on two different hormones

Question 19

Action of steroid hormones

Answer 19

1. Diffuse through the plasma membrane
2. Binds to hormone receptors in cytosol
3. Hormone receptor complex carries hormone into the nucleus
4. Hormone receptor complex binds to the response element in the bna
5. Acts on gene expression
6. Changes protein being made

Question 20

Dimers

Answer 20

Two factors that act together

Question 21

Adrenaline effects

Answer 21

dilates pupils, increases heart rate, decreases pain sensitivity, increase metabolic rate, and glucose level increases

Question 22

Binding of adrenaline

Answer 22

1. Adrenaline binds to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane
2. G proteins are activated to activate the second messenger
3. Adenylyl cyclase is activated to catalyze the formation of cAMP with the help of ATP
4. cAMP acts as a second messenger to activate kinase A with ATP
5. ATP and kinase A creates phosphorylase kinase
6. Another ATP activates phosphorylase kinase
7. Phosphorylase kinase causes glucose to be made from glycogen

Question 23

Signalling cascade

Answer 23

A hydrophilic hormone response that causes many systems to be activated inside the cell