Endocrine system Flashcards
function of the endocrine system
regulate body functions and development through chemical messengers called hormones
name some sytems that to endocrine system regulates
digestion, metabolism, puberty, pregnancy, etc.
proccessof the endocrine system (hormones)
hormone is released in one spot but has an effect somewhere else
where do hormones originate
glands- chemical secretors
steriod hormones
made from cholesterol (fat)
- the male and femal sex hormones
- lack of fat/cholestrial can prevent sex hormones from being synthesized- i.e. gymnist and super modles
distribution of steriod hormones
- hormones diffuse out of glands and travel to the target cells
- hormones attach to the receptor (protein based) in the target cell membrane which brings the hormone into the cell and delivers it directly to the specific gene region (DNA)
- a gene is then activated to synthesize the protein required
protein hormones
made from acid chains (proteins)
diffusion of protein hormones
- Hormones diffuse
- hormones attach with receptore in the cell membrane
- this stimultates the cell to promote the formation of cyclic AMP which activates proteins already present within the cell (releases the protein from within the cell)
examples of protein hormones
insulin and GH (growth hormone)
pituitary gland
- reffered to as the master gland (can control the function of other glands within the system)
- connected to the hypothalamus (coordinating center)
- made up of two lobes (anterior and posterior(this lobe is connected to the hypothalamus and anterior(front) hangs off the posterior))
what does the anterior lobe produce
- growth hormone (takes action everywhere)
- prolactin (milk secretion-mammary glands inside the breast tissue(breast feeding))
- FSH (follicle and sperm development- to your overies or testies)
FSH is produced during puberty to stimulate LH causing ovulation responsible for maintaining estrogen levels
-LH (ovulation and produce testosterone- causes the egg to exit the ovary, for men LH stimulates the release/production of testosterone)
-TSH (stimulates thyroid- brain to neck) - ACTH (stimulates adrenal glands brain- adrenal glands )
posterior gland produces?
- ADH increases water reabsorption (brain- kidneys)
- Oxytocin (brain- the uterine lining) stimulates contractions
function of the pancrease
controls blood sugar levels
types of cells found within the pancrease
- digestive enzyme producers
- Hormone producers
where are the hormone producing cells found within the pancrease
Islets of Langerhans
function of insulin
makes cells premeable to glucose (uptake suger)
function of glucagon
converts glycogen to glucose
adrenal glands
located above each kidney but are composed of two glands within the cell
adrenal medulla
found within the adrenal glands, produces epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (reverses the effects of epinephrine)
- released during periods of high stress, eg- fear, anger, stress
adrenal cortex
found within the adrenal glands
- produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones
purpose of the epinephrine
raise blood sugar leves to ensure a greater energy reserve, increase heart rate, breath rate, cell metabolism, blood vessel dialation, and iris dialtion
purpose of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
to increase the level of amino acids in your blood (breaks down proteins) so the amino acids can help your body with cell recovery
purpose of mineralocorticoid specificaly aldosterone
increase sodium retention and water reabsorption in the kidneys (makes sure we regain salt we lost due to exersise- slt is essential for the nervous system)
thyroid gland
- located at the base of the neck
produces three hormones including: thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calactonin
function of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
regualte metabolism plus the growth and differentiation of tissues
- high levels = fast metabolism- cant gain wait
function of calcitonin
lowers the level of calcium in the body by storing it in your bones (maintaining bone density)
parathyroid glands
four small glands hidden within the larger thyroid gland responsible for regulating calcium
by creating PTH which increases the calcium level in your blood by pulling it from the bones (could lead to osteoperosis if PTH levels are to high or your diet sucks)
