Endocrine System

Question 1

The thyroid gland secretes two types of hormones (thyroid hormones), these are:

Answer 1

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 2

What is Juvenile Hypothyroidism?

Answer 2

• Either congenital or acquired
• Represents a deficiency in secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 3

Clinical Manifestations of Juvenile Hypothyroidism

Answer 3

• Decelerated growth
• Dry skin
• Mental decline
• Puffiness around eyes
• Constipation
• Sparse hair

Question 4

Treatment of Hypothyroidism

Answer 4

Levothyroxine which is administer over a period of 4 - 8 weeks to avoid symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Question 5

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 5

Graves’ disease is the most common cause in children which is caused by autoantibodies to the TSH receptor causing excess secretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 6

Clinical Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 6

Emotional lability
Tachycardia
Exophthalmos
Tremor
Heat intolerance

Question 7

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

Answer 7

Treatment includes antithyroid drugs, radioiodine and subtotal thyroidectomy. Beta blockers are also used to control symptoms.

Question 8

Name two drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism

Answer 8

Methimazole and propylthiouracil

Question 9

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Answer 9

characterized by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin; this usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency

Question 10

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Answer 10

usually arises because of insulin resistance in which the body fails to use insulin properly combined with relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency.

Question 11

Clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 11

• Polyphagia
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Weight loss
• Enuresis or nocturia
• Shortened attention span
• Dry skin
• Blurred vision
• Poor wound healing

Question 12

Clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 12

• Dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Acidosis
• Deep, rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations)
• Acetone, fruity breath

Question 13

How is DM diagnosed?

Answer 13

• 8-hour fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or more
• a random blood glucose value of 200 mg/dl or more accompanied by classic signs of diabetes,
• an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) finding of 200 mg/dl or more in the 2-hour sample

*hemoglobin A1C of 6.5% or more is almost certain to indicate diabetes

Question 14

Rapid acting insulin e.g., Novolog

Answer 14

Onset: 15 minutes
Peak: 30 - 90 minutes
Duration: 5 hours

Question 15

Short-acting insulin e.g., Novolin R

Answer 15

Onset: 30 minutes
Peak: 2 - 4 hours
Duration: 4 - 8 hours

Question 16

Intermediate acting insulin e.g., Novolin N

Answer 16

Onset: 2 hours
Peak: 4 - 14 hours
Duration 14 hours - 20 hours

Question 17

Long-acting insulin e.g., Lanthus

Answer 17

Onset: 6 - 14 hours
Peak: None
Duration 20 - 24 hours

Question 18

Normal sugar range

Answer 18

3.5 - 6.7