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MIDTERMS - HISTO LAB > Endocrine System 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system is responsible for the production and secretion of
chemical messengers known as

A

hormones

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2
Q

secrete their products into
ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to outer surface of the
body.

A

Exocrine glands

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3
Q

secrete their products into
the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells.

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

Endocrine cells produce hormones based on amino acids, peptides and proteins often have characteristic _____ vacuoles with electron-dense central cores

A

membrane-bound secretory

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5
Q

It is called the “master” endocrine gland because it secretes several hormones that control other
endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

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6
Q

pituitary gland is also called

A

hypophysis

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7
Q

the pituitary gland is controlled by the

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

this small region of the brain below the thalamus is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

Cells in the hypothalamus synthesize at least ___ different hormones, and the pituitary gland secretes ____

A

9; 7

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10
Q

a small bean-shaped gland, about 1 cm diameter and lies in the
hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

A

pituitary gland

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11
Q

Partly developing from the brain and partly from the oral cavity

A

Development (Dual Origin):

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12
Q

Neurohypophyseal bud growing down from the floor of the future
diencephalon as a stalk (or infundibulum) that remain attached to the brain

A

Neural component

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13
Q

the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex and gonads may be described as

A

pituitary-dependent
endocrine glands

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14
Q

The _______ bring blood into the
hypothalamus.

A

superior hypophyseal arteries,

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15
Q

arteries divide into a capillary network called the

A

primary plexus of the
hypophyseal portal system

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16
Q

blood drains into the _____ that pass down the outside of the infundibulum

A

hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

in the anterior pituitary, the hypophyseal
portal veins divide again and form another capillary network called the .

A

secondary plexus of the
hypophyseal portal system

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18
Q
  • also known as neurohypophysis is composed of neural tissue
  • does not contain cells that synthesize hormones
A

Posterior Pituitary (Posterior Lobe)

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19
Q

The larger bulbar portion that consists of modified neural tissue

A

Pars nervosa

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20
Q

100,000 unmyelinated axons of large secretory neurons

A

Neural tissue

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21
Q

contain membrane-enclosed organelles with either antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) or oxytocin

A

Herring Bodies

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22
Q

Membrane-enclosed organellle with oxytocin is bound to carrier protein

A

neurophysin-I

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23
Q

Membrane-enclosed organellle with ADH is bound to carrier protein

A

neurophysin-II

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24
Q
  • glial cells that resemble astrocytes
  • most abundant cell type in the
    posterior pituitary
A

Pituicytes

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24
Q
  • glial cells that resemble astrocytes
  • most abundant cell type in the
    posterior pituitary
A

Pituicytes

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25
Q

hormones of posterior pituitary glands

A
  • antidiuretic hormone/ vasopressin/ arginine vasopresin
  • oxytocin
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26
Q

hormone that increases renal permeability of renal collecting ducts

A

Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin/Arginine vasopressin

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27
Q

hormone that stimulates contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle

A

oxytocin

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28
Q
  • also known as adenohypophysis, accounts for about 75% of the total weight of the gland
  • arises as an epithelial upgrowth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity known as Rathke’s
    pouch
A

anterior pituitary

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29
Q

anterior pituitary arises as an epithelial upgrowth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity known as

A

Rathke’s pouch

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30
Q

part of the anterior pituitary that is:
- The larger portion (75%)
- Has two (2) broad group of cells

A

pars distalis

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31
Q

part of the anterior pituitary that is:

A
  • smaller funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum
  • predominantly gonadotrophs
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32
Q

part of the anterior pituitary that is:

A
  • Between pars distalis and pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis
  • Thin zone of basophilic cells (<2%)
  • Atrophies during fetal development and ceases to exist as a separate lobe in adults
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33
Q
  • Stores hormone in cytoplasmic granules
  • Stain with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and secrete hormones
A

Chromophils

34
Q

stain pinkish-red with H&E:
stain bluish purple with H&E:

A
  • acidophilic cells
  • basophilic cells
35
Q
  • Stain poorly with H&E and do not secrete hormones
  • Heterogenous group of stem cells and progenitor cells as well as any
    degranulated cells present
A

Chromophobes

36
Q

hormones in acidophilic cells:

A
  • somatrotroph
  • mammotrophs
37
Q

hormones in basophilic cells:

A

Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Thyrotrophs

38
Q

associated hormones with anterior pituitary

A
  • somatotrophin
  • prolactin
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • thyrotropin (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • lipotropin
39
Q

The butterfly-shaped gland is located just inferior to the larynx (voice box).

A

thyroid gland

40
Q

About 50% of thyroid glands have a small third lobe, known as

A

pyramidal lobe

41
Q

Microscopic spherical sacs called ____ make up most of the thyroid gland.

A

thyroid follicles

42
Q

thyroid follicles are lined with simple epithelium and have a central lumen densely filled with ____

A

gelatinous acidophilic colloid

43
Q

Simple flat or cuboidal cell type of glands:

A

Active glands

44
Q

Tall columnar epithelium cell type of glands:

A

Inactive glands

45
Q

Range in shape depending on activity:

A

Follicular cells

46
Q

Larger that follicular cells and stain less intensely

A

Parafollicular

47
Q

• More abundant (90%)
• Less active
• Half-life: 1 week

A

Thyroxine (T4) (Tetraiodothyronine)

48
Q

• 2- to 10-fold more
active
• Half-life: 1.5 days

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

49
Q
A
50
Q

are small, oval endocrine glands which are closely associated with the thyroid gland.

A

parathyroid gland

51
Q

parathyroid glands regulate serum calcium, and phosphate levels via _____

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathyrin

52
Q
  • enclosed by a thin layer of connective tissue
A

Capsule

53
Q
  • connective tissue extends inwards from the capsule to partially outline
    irregular lobes and lobules
A

Trabeculae

54
Q
  • Small cells (5 to 8um in diameter) with dark nuclei and thin rim of LIGHTLY STAINED cytoplasm
  • Secrete PTH
A

Chief cells/ Principal cells

55
Q
  • Larger cells (8 to 12um in diameter) with dark nuclei and STRONGLY EOSINOPHILIC cytoplasm
    because of numerous mitochondria
  • Appear after the first decade of life and are thought to be non-secretory cells
A

Oxyphil cell

56
Q

Larger cells (8 to 12um) in diameter with dark nuclei and a watery, CLEAR cytoplasm

A

Clear cells

57
Q

Accumulate after puberty and makes up 25% to 40% of the total tissue in normal adults

A

Adipose cells

58
Q

are small, flattened endocrine glands which are closely applied to the upper pole of each kidney.

A

adrenal glands or suprarenal glands

59
Q

The two (2) components of the adrenal gland are

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla.
60
Q

penetrate the capsule and branch into sinusoids that supply the cortex and medulla

A

Afferent blood vessels

61
Q
  • Outer part which arises form the mesoderm
  • Produces and secretes steroid hormones
A

Cortex

62
Q

Closely packed, funded or ARCHED cords of columnar or pyramidal cells

A

ZonaGlomerulosa (15%)

63
Q

Hormone in Zona Gromerulasa:

A

Aldosterone

64
Q
  • LONG cords of large polyhedral cells, one or to cells thick separated by fenestrate sinusoidal capillaries
  • Cells are filled with lipid droplets and appear vacuolated
A

Zone Fasciculata (80%)

65
Q
  • IRREGULAR cords containing smaller cells
  • More heavily stained than the other zones (contain fewer lipid droplets and
    more lipofuscin pigment)
A

Zona Reticularis (10%)

66
Q
  • Arises from the neural crest
  • Large, pale staining polyhedral cells arranged in cords or clumps
A

Medulla

67
Q
  • Modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons (lacking axons and dendrites)
  • Contain electron-dense granules for storage and secretion of
    catecholamines
A

Chromaffincells

68
Q
  • Infrequent sympathetic ganglion cells
A

Ganglioncells

69
Q

Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system which facilitate the fight-or-flight response (vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, changes in heart rate, elevated blood glucose levels)

A

Together with norepinephrine:

70
Q
  • Glycogenolysis and lipolysis
A

Epinephrine alone

71
Q
  • about 99% of the exocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters known as
  • produce digestive enzymes that flow into the GIT through a network of ducts
A

acini

72
Q

Scattered among the exocrine acini are 1 - 2 million tiny clusters of endocrine tissue called

A

pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans

73
Q

cell type that constitute about 17% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete glucagon that raises blood glucose level

A

Alpha or A cells

73
Q

cell type that constitute about 17% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete glucagon that raises blood glucose level

A

Alpha or A cells

74
Q

______ constitute about 70% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete insulin that counteracts the effect of glucagon

A

beta or B cells

75
Q

constitute about 7% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete somatostatin acts in a paracrine manner to inhibit both insulin and glucagon release from neighboring beta and
alpha cells;

A

delta or d cells

76
Q

constitute the remainder of pancreatic islet cells and secrete pancreatic polypeptide
that inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas.

A

f cells

77
Q
  • Specific cells in the digestive tract, respiratory mucosa, and other organs such as the
    pancreas
  • Highly important due to their role in regulating motility and secretions of all types within the
    digestive system
A

Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)

78
Q

______: Stained by solutions of chromium

A

Enterochromaffin cells

79
Q

Stained with silver nitrate

A

Argentaffin cells

80
Q

Demonstrate amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation; Secrete
serotonin or certain amine derivatives

A

APUD cells

81
Q

a small, roughly spherical gland 6 to 10mm in diameter
attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline

A

pineal gland

82
Q

pineal gland also known as

A

Epiphysis Cerebri

MIDTERMS - HISTO LAB (7 decks)

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