Blood Flashcards
blood is a specialized type of connective tissue consisting of formed elements
or cells suspended in a circulating fluid known as
plasma
Plasma consists of plasma
proteins like fibrinogens, globulins, and albumins, and a ground substance called ___
serum
These are anucleate, biconcave, discoid cells filled w/ a reddish protein known as haemoglobin that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
red blood cells
Reddish protein
haemoglobin
These are loosely related category of all cell types dedicated to protecting their host from infection and injury
- white blood cells
White blood cells are also known as
- leukocytes
WBCs are transported in the blood from their source, usually ______ or _____, to their tissue or body cavity destination
- bone marrow; lymphoid tissue
They are called segmenters bcs of their multi lobed nuclei connected by thin chromatin filaments
- neutrophils
Neutrophils are called _____ bcs of their multi lobed nuclei connected by thin chromatin filaments
- segmenters
Platelet cells comes from the cytoplasm of megakaryocyte thru the process known as
- thrombopoiesis
the dissolved components are mostly plasma proteins, but they also include nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions, collectively known as
- electrolytes
the most abundant plasma protein, is made in the liver and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of blood
Albumin
made by the liver and other cells, include transferrin and other transport factors; fibronectin; prothrombin and other coagulation factors; lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood from tissue
⍺-Globulins and β-Globulins
which are immunoglobulins (antibodies) secreted by plasma cells in many locations
ɣ-Globulins
the larges plasma protein, also made in the liver, which, during clotting polymerize as insoluble, cross-linked fibers of fibrin that block blood loss from small vessels
Fibrinogen
a system of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms
Complement proteins
Many blood stains are available, but _____ and ____ stains are superior for differentiating blood cell types with oil immersion objective lens.
- Giemsa; Wright
In stained blood films, erythrocytes are typically______, and nuclei of leukocytes, with an affinity for basic dyes, stain ____
- orange-red to pink; blue
They function only within the bloodstream to bind oxygen for delivery to the tissues and, in exchange, bind carbon dioxide for removal from the tissues.
Erythrocytes
The life span of erythrocytes is approximately
- 120 days
In blood smears, erythrocytes are usually 7 to 8 um in diameter. Since their size is relatively consistent in fixed tissues, they can be used to estimate the size of other cells and structures in tissue sections; in this role, erythrocytes are appropriately termed as “______.”
histologic ruler
______ are extremely deformable. They pass easily through the narrowest capillaries by folding over on themselves. They stain uniformly with eosin
Erythrocytes
The shape of the erythrocyte is maintained by a specialized _____ that provides the mechanical stability and flexibility important to withstand forces experienced during circulation
Cytoskeleton
______ represent most of the proteins in the lipid bilayer.
Integral membrane proteins
plays an important role in attaching the underlying cytoskeletal protein network to the cell membrane
Glycophorin C
is the most abundant transmembrane protein in erythrocyte cell membrane. It binds hemoglobin and acts as an anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins
Band 3 protein
- are found on the inner surface of the cell membrane
- they are organized into a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice network that laminates the inner layer of the membrane.
Peripheral membrane proteins
spectrin filaments are anchored to the lipid bilayer by two large protein complexes:
- band 4.1 protein (first complex)
- Ankyrin protein (second complex)
this complex interacts with glycophorin C and other transmembrane proteins.
band 4.1 protein complex
this complex interacts with band 3 and other integral membrane proteins
-ankyrin protein complex
a protein specialized for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Hemoglobin
perform their functions outside the circulatory system and use the blood stream to reach their destination
Leukocytes
Cells containing specific granules are classified as granulocytes
basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils
cells that lack specific granules are classified as
agranulocytes
Cells containing specific granules are classified as
granulocytes
cells that are classified as agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
Both granulocytes and granulocytes possess a small number of _______, which are lysosomes
nonspecific azurophilic granules
are motile cells; they leave the circulation and migrate to their site of action in the connective tissue.
Neutrophils
are active phagocytes that utilize a variety of surface receptors to recognize bacteria and other infectious agents at the site of inflammation
Neutrophils
are associated with allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic inflammation
Eosinophils
are the least numerous of the leukocytes
Basophils
closely related to that of mast cells where they release pharmacologic agents via degranulation
Basophils
are the precursors of the cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.
Monocytes
They transform into macrophages, which function as antigen-presenting cells in the immune system
Monocytes
are the main functional cells of the lymphatic or immune system.
Lymphocytes
three (3) functionally distinct types of lymphocytes present in the body:
- T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
- Natural Killer (NK) cell
In stained smear, thromobocytes/platelets show a lightly stained “_____” region surrounding a more darkly stained central region “_____” contains membrane enclosed granules
Hyalomere; granulomere
Multilobed nucleus, pale red & blue cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
Bilobed nucleus, cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophil
Bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
Basophilic
Large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
Kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm
monocytes
