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Anatomy of Domestic Animals > Endocrine, Reproductive, Urinary & Avian > Flashcards

Endocrine, Reproductive, Urinary & Avian Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine works closely with the cardiovascular system to control & coordinate the intricate parts & functions of the body because

A

hormones are produced and; travel through the blood

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2
Q

the hormonal part of the fight or flight response is produced in the

A

adrenal gland

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3
Q

where is the antidiuretic hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus stored before its release into the bloodstream?

A

the neurohypophysis

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4
Q

the hormone that results in a rise in blood glucose when it is released into the blood stream is produced where?

A

the pancreas

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5
Q

where is the hormone that increases metabolism produced?

A

thyroid

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6
Q

the hormone that targets the ovary is

A

FSH

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7
Q

the neurohypophysis produces what hormone?

A

ADH

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8
Q

the endocrine system effects tissues

A

from a distance

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9
Q

spermatogenesis takes place in

A

the seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

what is the major cells of the testes?

A

interstitial cells

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11
Q

pampiniform plexus is formed of what?

A

veins

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12
Q

the thin membrane that is intimately adhered to the testicular surface is the

A

visceral vaginal tunic

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13
Q

what are the 2 hormones produced in the ovaries?

A

estrogen & progestin

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14
Q

what is the name of the inner lining of the uterus?

A

endometrium

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15
Q

kidneys process waste from the metabolism of what nutrient?

A

protein

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16
Q

what animal has a heart shaped kidney?

A

the horse

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17
Q

what is the basic functional group of the kidney

A

nephron

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18
Q

what nutrient is ABSENT from glomerular filtrate

A

protein

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19
Q

the function of the urinary sphincter is under

A

voluntary control

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20
Q

compared to the nervous system, how quickly does the endocrine system respond & how long does the response last?

A

it responds slowly to stimuli and the response lasts longer than the nervous system

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21
Q

what 2 hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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22
Q

what part of the nervous system directly influences the release of adrenal hormones?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

what type of thyroid disease are dogs commonly afflicted with?

A

hypothyroidism

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24
Q

low levels of cortisol is identified as a malfunction of what gland?

A

adrenal gland

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25
Q

where is insulin produced in the body?

A

pancreas

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26
Q

what are the releasing factor hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
TSH
FSH
ACTH
GH
Prolactin
LH
MSH
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27
Q

what is an alternative name for the posterior pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis

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28
Q

what is an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine insufficiency called?

A

goiter

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29
Q

where is erythropoietin produced?

A

the kidney

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30
Q

what additional hormone is produced in the thyroid gland?

A

calcitonin

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31
Q

endocrine gland consisting of several small nodules located in, on, or near the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

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32
Q

an endocrine gland located on either side of the larynx in the neck region

A

thyroid gland

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33
Q

portion of the brain stem that has extensive links to the brain & pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

2 endocrine glands located near the cranial poles of the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

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35
Q

master endocrine gland aka hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

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36
Q

endocrine & exocrine gland that produces & secretes digestive enzymes into the intestines & produces hormones

A

pancreas

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37
Q

part of the renal corpuscle that surrounds the glomerulus consisting of 2 layers

A

bowmen’s capsule

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38
Q

capillaries in the network that surround the tubular part of the nephron of the kidney that eventually converge to form the renal vein

A

peritubular capillaries

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39
Q

tuft of capillaries at the center of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus

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40
Q

narrowest part of the tubular portion of the nephron

A

loop of henle

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41
Q

most proximal bone of the pelvic limb aka os coxae

A

pelvis

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42
Q

inner layer of a kidney that is darker in color & has smooth striated appearance

A

medulla

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43
Q

convoluted tubule that is a continuation of ascending part of the loop of henle

A

distal convoluted tubule

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44
Q

arterioles that carry blood into the glomerulus

A

afferent arterioles

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45
Q

outer fibrous covering of the kidney

A

capsule

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46
Q

tubular structure that carries urine from the urinary bladder out of the body

A

urethra

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47
Q

basic function unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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48
Q

outer portion of the kidney where renal corpuscles & the convoluted tubules of the nephrons are located

A

cortex

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49
Q

indented area where blood vessels, nerve & lymph vessles enter & leave the kidneys

A

hilus

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50
Q

sac like organ that stores urine until it is ready to be released out of the body

A

urinary bladder

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51
Q

convoluted tubule that forms the 1st part of the kidney nephron & continues with the bowmen’s capsular space

A

proximal

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52
Q

arterioles that carry blood away from the glomerulus after is has been filtered in the renal corpuscle

A

efferent arterioles

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53
Q

muscular tube that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

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54
Q

the smaller of the two penile erectile tissues

A

corpus cavernosum urethrae

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55
Q

the largest ligament that supports the female reproductive organs in the abdominal cavity

A

broad ligament

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56
Q

the outer, thick connective tissue sac around each testis

A

parietal (common) vaginal tunic

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57
Q

the most cranial of the male accessory reproductive glands (not found in the dog and cat)

A

seminal vesicle

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58
Q

the tube that connects the tail of the epididymis with the urethra

A

vas deferens

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59
Q

the inner, thin connective tissue sac that is tightly adhered to the surface of the testis

A

visceral (proper) vaginal tunic

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60
Q

a lateral fold of the broad ligament of the uterus made up of fibrous tissue and blood vessels

A

round ligament of the uterus (mesometrium)

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61
Q

where spermatozoa enter from the efferent ducts

A

epididymus

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62
Q

a ligament that comes off the cranial end of the broad ligament and attaches to the body wall near the last rib

A

suspensory ligament of the ovary (mesovarium)

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63
Q

an s-shaped bend in the nonerect penis of the bull, ram, and boar

A

sigmund flexure

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64
Q

the single male accessory reproductive gland that surrounds the pelvic urethra and sends many ducts into the urethra

A

prostate gland

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65
Q

the portion of the urethra located in the penis

A

penile urethra

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66
Q

the entrance into the vagina

A

vestibule

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67
Q

erectile tissue in the dog penis that swells after ejaculation

A

bulbous glandis

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68
Q

the penis muscle that pulls the penis of bulls, rams, and boars back into its nonerect S-shape

A

retractor muscle

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69
Q

a funnel-like enlargement at the ovarian end of the oviduct

A

infundibulum

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70
Q

the female gonad

A

ovaries

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71
Q

the portion of the urethra located in the pelvic canal

A

pelvic urethra

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72
Q

the cord that links the testes with the rest of the body, comprised of blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the vas deferens

A

spermatic cord

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73
Q

the duct through which spermatozoa enter the epididymis

A

efferent duct

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74
Q

the sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect

A

prepuce

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75
Q

the hollow, muscular organ where pregnancy is maintained

A

uterus

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76
Q

part of the female vulva that contains erectile tissue and is covered by many sensory nerve endings

A

clitoris

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77
Q

the birth canal and the tube that receives the penis during breeding

A

vagina

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78
Q

the larger of the two penile erectile tissues

A

corpus cavernosum penis

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79
Q

the only externally visible part of the female reproductive tract

A

vulva

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80
Q

a bone that partially surrounds the penile urethra of a dog

A

os penis

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81
Q

the smooth muscle valve between the uterine body and the vagina

A

cervix

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82
Q

the microscopic tubules in the testes where spermatozoa are produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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83
Q

the sac of skin that houses the testes

A

scrotum

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84
Q

lips of the vulva

A

labia

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85
Q

fingerlike projections from the edge of the infundibulum on the oviduct that surround a follicle

A

fimbriae

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86
Q

the most caudal male accessory reproductive gland that secretes a mucus-like liquid that lubricates and clears the urethra

A

bulbourethral gland

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87
Q

the male gonads

A

testes

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88
Q

the muscle attached to the scrotum that allows the testes to be brought closer to or further away from the body to control their temperature

A

cremaster muscle

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89
Q

the multilayered, fluid-filled sac around the developing fetus that attaches to the uterine lining

A

placenta

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90
Q

where does fertilization take place

A

oviducts

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91
Q

the male breeding organ

A

penis

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92
Q

what muscle helps regulate scrotal temperature?

A

cremaster muscle

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93
Q

why is temperature regulation so important?

A

because the testicles need to remain cooler than the rest of the body

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94
Q

what male reproductive organ delivers sperm to the urethra?

A

vas deferens

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95
Q

what male connective tissue reproductive structure contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and the vas deferens?

A

spermatic cord, which goes through the inguinal ring of the abdomen

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96
Q

what is the name of the fibrous connective tissue, deep to the vaginal tunics that protects the testicle

A

tunica albuginea

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97
Q

what is the general name that refers to the suspensory ligament of the uterus?

A

broad ligament

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98
Q

where is the ovum fertilized?

A

oviducts

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99
Q

what is the name of the structure of the oviduct that catches the egg for delivery to the uterus?

A

infundibulum

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100
Q

two species that are induced ovulators?

A

cats and ferrets

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101
Q

what is the female gamete?

A

ova

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102
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands that secrete tiny amounts of hormones directly into the bloodstream

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103
Q

endocrine system

A

slow reaction to stimuli & long duration of effects, travel through bloodstream

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104
Q

hormones

A

secreted directly into bloodstream & produce effects only when they bind to their specific receptors in or on cells

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105
Q

negative feedback

A

most common; activity is decreased by rising levels of hormone, once homeostasis is achieved the hormone production is stopped to prevent high levels

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106
Q

positive feedback

A

activity increased due to falling levels of a hormone; will continue increasing even though there is already a high amount

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107
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls activity of pituitary gland; blood vessels link anterior portion of pituitary; modified neurons secrete releasing & inhibiting factors

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108
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH & oxytocin

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109
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

via bloodstream to send a signal to the affecter organ

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110
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

via nerve signals, telling it to store or release hormones

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111
Q

pituitary gland

A

aka hypophysis; master endocrine gland

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112
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary; rostral; makes hormones when stimulated

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113
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary; caudal; stores & release hormones made by the hypothalamus when needed

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114
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

TSH, FSH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin, LH, MSH

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115
Q

TSH

A

stimulates growth & development; causes thyroid gland to produce hormone; aids in metabolism

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116
Q

FSH

A

stimulates spermatogenesis in males; stimulates oogenesis in females & helps ovaries develop, mature & release eggs

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117
Q

fossa glandis

A

tip of the equine penis

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118
Q

GH

A

promotes body growth in young animals; helps regulate metabolism of proteins, lipids & carbohydrates in all body cells

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119
Q

prolactin

A

helps trigger & maintain lactation; level is highest when animal is lactating

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120
Q

LH

A

completes process of follicle development in ovary; stimulates male production of testosterone; works with FSH to complete process for embryo

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121
Q

MSH

A

associated with color changes in the skin

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122
Q

posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

ADH & oxytocin

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123
Q

ADH

A

helps prevent urination; if the hypothalamus notes dehydration, a more concentrated urine is produced

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124
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

ADH deficiency; PU PD

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125
Q

oxytocin

A

causes constriction of the myometrium, the uterus muscle; aids in milk let down

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126
Q

thyroid gland

A

2 lobes on either side of the larynx; produces precursor hormone colloid & regular hormones T3, T4, & calcitonin

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127
Q

isthmus

A

connective tissue that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland

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128
Q

function of thyroid gland

A

regulates metabolic rate of all body cells; burns calories to generate heat; synthesizes cards & proteins & aids in the growth & development of animals in the central nervous system, muscle & bones

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129
Q

calcitonin

A

produced in parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; prevents too much milk

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130
Q

parathyroid gland

A

small pale nodules in, on, or near the thyroid gland; produces PTH; helps maintain blood calcium homestasis

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131
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone; exerts opposite effect of calcitonin; prevents low calcium levels

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132
Q

goiter

A

disorder of the thyroid gland in which precursors are constantly produced

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133
Q

adrenal gland

A

located at the cranial poles of the kidneys; produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine

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134
Q

polyestrous interval

A

cycle year round if not pregnant; cattle and swine

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135
Q

seasonally polyestrous interval

A

cycle continuously at a certain time of the year; horses, sheep and cats

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136
Q

glucocorticoids

A

increases level of sugar

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137
Q

sex hormones

A

androgens for males, estrogens for females

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138
Q

adrenal gland medulla

A

develops from nervous tissue; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine directly into bloodstream

139
Q

cushings

A

too much corticoid production in the adrenal gland

140
Q

pancreas

A

located near duodenum; islets of langerhans produce insulin, stores sugar & potassium

141
Q

glucagon

A

alpha cells; exocrine & raises blood glucose levels & may be stored in the liver; pancreas produces glucagon when body has low blood sugar

142
Q

insulin

A

beta cells; endocrine & lowers blood sugar

143
Q

somatostatin

A

delta cells; inhibits both the alpha & beta cells

144
Q

gonads

A

reproductive organs, testes & ovaries; stimulated by LH, promotes secondary sex characteristics

145
Q

addison’s disease

A

low levels of cortisol production in the adrenal gland

146
Q

metabolic waste products

A

products not needed by the body anymore, include potentially harmful substance that must be eliminated and can be harmful if accumulated

147
Q

kidneys

A

located in the dorsal abdominal area; right kidney is more cranial than left

148
Q

retroperitoneal

A

Between the peritoneum & the abdominal cavity

149
Q

urinary system functions

A

Production of urine; maintain homeostasis through blood filtration, reabsorption & secretion; fluid base regulation; acid base balance regulation; production of hormones; blood pressure regulation

150
Q

Nerve supply to the kidney

A

Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of renal vessels; sympathetic portion of autonomic nervous system releases norepinephrine

151
Q

Kidney hormones

A

ADH, aldosterone, erythropoietin, prostaglandins, & rentin

152
Q

Renal capsule

A

Thick fibrous covering of the kidney

153
Q

Hilus

A

Indented area where ureter, renal artery, renal vein & nerves enter & leave

154
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer portion of the kidney, reddish brown in color

155
Q

Renal medulla

A

Surrounds renal pelvis; drains urine to calyces

156
Q

Calyces

A

Direct urine into renal pelvis, from there urine moves into ureter

157
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Urine collection chamber that forms beginning of ureter; not present in cow; lined with transitional epithelium for stretching

158
Q

Mutilobar/multi pyramidal

A

Numerous medulla a facing the ureter; cows & pigs

159
Q

Unipyramidal/ unilobar

A

Medullary pyramids fused as 1 structure to form a calyx that directs urine into renal pelvis

160
Q

Nephron

A

Basic functional unit of the kidney

161
Q

Afferent arterioles

A

Carry blood to renal corpuscle

162
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Located in the cortex, made up of the glomerulus & bowmen’s capsule

163
Q

Glomerulus

A

Tuft of capillaries where filtration starts; forms glomerular filtrate

164
Q

Bowmen’s capsule

A

Double walked capsule that surrounds glomerulus with visceral & parietal layers

165
Q

Podocytes

A

Extensions that cover glomerular capillaries with a permeable layer to allow fluid & dissolved substances to pas through

166
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Continuation of capsular space of bowmen’s capsule; longest part of nephron; reabsorption & secretion of tubular filtrate

167
Q

Efferent arterioles

A

Carry blood out of renal corpuscles

168
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

O2 exchange to cells of nephron; reabsorption & secretion

169
Q

Loop of henle

A

Continues from PCT, descends into medulla, makes a u turn & heads back into cortex; ascending wall becomes thicker again

170
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Continuation of ascending loop of henle; empties into collecting ducts

171
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Hold urine; empty into renal pelvis; primary site of ADH action & regulation of K, Na & acid-base balance

172
Q

Blood flow through the kidney

A

Renal artery ➡️ afferent arterioles ➡️ glomerulus capillaries ➡️ efferent arterioles ➡️ peritubular capillaries ➡️ renal vein

173
Q

Renal artery

A

Branches off abdominal aorta & brings blood to the kidney

174
Q

Renal vein

A

Takes purified blood from the kidney & brings it to the caudal vena cabs

175
Q

Fenstrations

A

Windows in capillary endothelium

176
Q

Urine volume regulation

A

Controlled by the action if ADH & aldosterone

177
Q

Ureters

A

3 layers Outer fibrous Middle muscular Inner epithelial

178
Q

Trigone

A

Oblique angle where ureters insert into the bladder

179
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Where urine is stored as its produced

180
Q

Detruser muscle

A

Smooth muscle of the urinary bladder that contracts to expel urine

181
Q

Circulator sphincter muscle

A

Around the neck of the bladder to provide voluntary control over urination process

182
Q

Control of urination

A

Urine accumulation Detruser muscle contraction Circulator sphincter muscle controlRelease of urine

183
Q

Urethra

A

Continuation of the neck of the bladder

184
Q

Urachus

A

Tube that runs from the fetal bladder to the umbilicus vein

185
Q

Waste products include

A

Water, urea, salts &a other soluble waste products

186
Q

what structure protects the birds legs when it lands?

A

synsacrum

187
Q

when a bird rubs its beak on a rough surface to keep it clean, it is doing what?

A

feaking

188
Q

what bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

coracoids, clavicles & scapula

189
Q

the part of the contour feather that contains barbs and barbules is

A

vane

190
Q

what is the term used to identify the web of skin in the wing?

A

patagium

191
Q

bumblefoot is caused by

A

claw neglect

192
Q

Anterior glandular stomach of birds in which chemical digestion of proteins begins

A

proventriculus

193
Q

Part of the respiratory system of the bird; there are nine in the system

A

air sacs

194
Q

An essential muscle, along with the supracoracoideus muscle, that generates wing motion

A

pectoralis

195
Q

A dilation of the esophagus in some species of birds that acts as a storage pouch for food

A

crop

196
Q

Section of the avian oviduct that secretes albumin (the egg white) of the egg

A

magnum

197
Q

The cavity located at the end of the digestive tract of birds that receives waste products from the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts

A

cloaca

198
Q

Muscular stomach in birds that grinds food into a digestible form

A

gizzard

199
Q

Section of the avian oviduct that deposits the keratin shell membrane

A

isthmus

200
Q

Enlargement of the trachea above the sternum in birds

A

syrinx

201
Q

modifications to anatomy that enable flight

A

reduction in the number of bones; fused bones to make them stronger; reduced bone density; loss of internal bone matrix

202
Q

axial skeleton

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

203
Q

synsacrum

A

fusion of vertebrae; protect spine and legs when a bird lands

204
Q

pygostyle

A

fusion of the most caudal coccygeal vertebrae; supports the tail feathers

205
Q

keel

A

the sternum; acts as a shield; site of attachment for flight muscles; injection site

206
Q

pectoral girdle

A

the shoulder; supports the wings and protects the chest; consists of the coracoids, scapulas, and the clavicles

207
Q

coracoid

A

part of the pelvic girdle that protects the sternum

208
Q

scapulas

A

protect the rib cage

209
Q

clavicle

A

the wishbone; positioned outward to forward to keep the shoulders separated; protects the crop

210
Q

humerus

A

where the wing muscles attachment site for wing muscles

211
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pelvic girdle and avian leg

212
Q

pelvic girdle

A

supports/protects the legs; illium is fused to the synsacrum; ishium and pubis are fused to illium

213
Q

avian leg

A

composed of femur, tibiotarsus, fibula and tarsometatarsus

214
Q

coping

A

trimming or reshaping of beaks and nails

215
Q

patagium

A

wing web skin; aids in flight

216
Q

alula

A

first digit; originates from the wrist

217
Q

metacarpal bones

A

join with fingers to help support primary flight feathers

218
Q

pectoralis muscle

A

controls downstroke of wing; larger more superficial of the flight muscles

219
Q

supracoracoideus muscle

A

deep wing muscle; controls upstroke of flying

220
Q

layers of the eye

A

outermost fibrous tunic layer; middle layer is the uveal tunic; inner most layer is neural tunic

221
Q

sclerotic ring

A

ring of small bones that protect the eye

222
Q

feaking

A

when a bird rubs their beak on a rough surface to clean and maintain its shape

223
Q

uropygial gland

A

one major skin gland that helps clean and waterproof feathers through preening

224
Q

pterylae

A

feather tracts

225
Q

apteria

A

bare areas of skin with no feathers

226
Q

reminges

A

wing feathers

227
Q

retrices

A

tail feathers

228
Q

auriculars

A

surround ears

229
Q

digestive anatomy

A

beak, mouth, esophagus (crop), stomach, liver, pancreas, small/large intestines and cloaca

230
Q

proventriculus

A

glandular stomach that initiates chemical digestion

231
Q

ventriculus

A

gizzard; muscular stomach that grinds coarse ingesta

232
Q

crop

A

dilation of the esophagus where food is stored

233
Q

cloaca

A

final structure of digestive system; 3 parts - coprodeum, urodeum, proctodeum

234
Q

coprodeum

A

receives intestinal waste

235
Q

urodeum

A

receives waste from the urogenital system

236
Q

proctodeum

A

stores waste

237
Q

vent

A

waste products are expelled through here

238
Q

syrinx

A

voice box; dilation of the trachea

239
Q

air sacs

A

9 in total, 4 pairs & 1 single interclavicular; maintain air volume, provide buoyancy & aid in thermoregulation

240
Q

female reproductive system

A

left is functional, right is rudimentary

241
Q

magnum

A

makes the egg white

242
Q

isthmus

A

shell gland that forms the keratin shell membrane and exterior shell

243
Q

uterus

A

produces calcium for the shell

244
Q

cere

A

located at the base of the upper mandible

245
Q

nictitating membrane

A

third eyelid

246
Q

pecten

A

provides nutrition to the eye

247
Q

choanae

A

connects the mouth to the nasal chambers

248
Q

inferior umbilicous

A

tiny opening at the base of a feather where it inserts into the skin

249
Q

superior umbilicous

A

where the webbed part of a feather begins

250
Q

calamus

A

quill of a feather

251
Q

rachis

A

main feather shaft

252
Q

vane

A

flattened part of a feather that appears weblike, which have barbs and barbules in them

253
Q

male gamete

A

sperm

254
Q

female gamete

A

ova

255
Q

gubernaculum

A

bands of connective tissue that attach testes in sctrotum

256
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands that secrete tiny amounts of hormones directly into the bloodstream

257
Q

endocrine system

A

slow reaction to stimuli & long duration of effects, travel through bloodstream

258
Q

hormones

A

secreted directly into bloodstream & produce effects only when they bind to their specific receptors in or on cells

259
Q

negative feedback

A

most common; activity is decreased by rising levels of hormone, once homeostasis is achieved the hormone production is stopped to prevent high levels

260
Q

positive feedback

A

activity increased due to falling levels of a hormone; will continue increasing even though there is already a high amount

261
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls activity of pituitary gland; blood vessels link anterior portion of pituitary; modified neurons secrete releasing & inhibiting factors

262
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH & oxytocin

263
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

via bloodstream to send a signal to the affecter organ

264
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

via nerve signals, telling it to store or release hormones

265
Q

pituitary gland

A

aka hypophysis; master endocrine gland

266
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary; rostral; makes hormones when stimulated

267
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary; caudal; stores & release hormones made by the hypothalamus when needed

268
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

TSH, FSH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin, LH, MSH

269
Q

TSH

A

stimulates growth & development; causes thyroid gland to produce hormone; aids in metabolism

270
Q

FSH

A

stimulates spermatogenesis in males; stimulates oogenesis in females & helps ovaries develop, mature & release eggs

271
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates growth & development of adrenal gland cortex; also the release of some of its hormones; can be release quickly as a result of stress

272
Q

GH

A

promotes body growth in young animals; helps regulate metabolism of proteins, lipids & carbohydrates in all body cells

273
Q

prolactin

A

helps trigger & maintain lactation; level is highest when animal is lactating

274
Q

LH

A

completes process of follicle development in ovary; stimulates male production of testosterone; works with FSH to complete process for embryo

275
Q

MSH

A

associated with color changes in the skin

276
Q

posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

ADH & oxytocin

277
Q

ADH

A

helps prevent urination; if the hypothalamus notes dehydration, a more concentrated urine is produced

278
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

ADH deficiency; PU PD

279
Q

oxytocin

A

causes constriction of the myometrium, the uterus muscle; aids in milk let down

280
Q

thyroid gland

A

2 lobes on either side of the larynx; produces precursor hormone colloid & regular hormones T3, T4, & calcitonin

281
Q

isthmus

A

connective tissue that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland

282
Q

function of thyroid gland

A

regulates metabolic rate of all body cells; burns calories to generate heat; synthesizes cards & proteins & aids in the growth & development of animals in the central nervous system, muscle & bones

283
Q

calcitonin

A

produced in parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; prevents too much milk

284
Q

parathyroid gland

A

small pale nodules in, on, or near the thyroid gland; produces PTH; helps maintain blood calcium homestasis

285
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone; exerts opposite effect of calcitonin; prevents low calcium levels

286
Q

goiter

A

disorder of the thyroid gland in which precursors are constantly produced

287
Q

adrenal gland

A

located at the cranial poles of the kidneys; produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine

288
Q

adrenal gland cortex

A

develops from glandular tissue; produces mineralocorticods, glucocorticoids, & sex hormones

289
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

regulates Na, K, Cl

290
Q

glucocorticoids

A

increases level of sugar

291
Q

sex hormones

A

androgens for males, estrogens for females

292
Q

adrenal gland medulla

A

develops from nervous tissue; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine directly into bloodstream

293
Q

cushings

A

too much corticoid production in the adrenal gland

294
Q

pancreas

A

located near duodenum; islets of langerhans produce insulin, stores sugar & potassium

295
Q

glucagon

A

alpha cells; exocrine & raises blood glucose levels & may be stored in the liver; pancreas produces glucagon when body has low blood sugar

296
Q

insulin

A

beta cells; endocrine & lowers blood sugar

297
Q

somatostatin

A

delta cells; inhibits both the alpha & beta cells

298
Q

gonads

A

reproductive organs, testes & ovaries; stimulated by LH, promotes secondary sex characteristics

299
Q

addison’s disease

A

low levels of cortisol production in the adrenal gland

300
Q

male gamete

A

sperm

301
Q

female gamete

A

ova

302
Q

gubernaculum

A

bands of connective tissue that attach testes in sctrotum

303
Q

male sex hormones

A

androgens which are produced in the interstitial cells; testosterone is produced under the influence of LH

304
Q

leydig cells

A

aka interstitial cells

305
Q

gubernaculum

A

bands of connective tissue that attach testes in the scrotum

306
Q

testicular artery

A

where temperature regulated blood passes in and out of

307
Q

orchiectomy

A

castration

308
Q

septa

A

divides each testis into tiny lobules that contain seminiferous tubules

309
Q

sertoli cells

A

support developing sperm and shield them from the immune system

310
Q

efferent ducts

A

house the seminiferous tubules

311
Q

epididymis

A

sperm are stored here to mature; connect efferent ducts with vas deferens

312
Q

vas deferens

A

muscular tube that connects the epididymis to the urethra

313
Q

accessory reproductive glands

A

secretions from these glands make up the majority of semen; help the sperm survive through the acidic female reproductive tract

314
Q

seminal vesicle

A

enter the pelvic urethra, not present in cats & dogs

315
Q

2 bands of connective tissue that consist of the root of the penis

A

crura

316
Q

corona glandis

A

glands of the equine penis that flare up to form a mushroom shape

317
Q

urethral process

A

extends from the central depression of equine fossa glandis

318
Q

fossa glandis

A

tip of the equine penis

319
Q

broad ligaments

A

sheets of peritoneum that hang the ovaries, oviducts and uterus

320
Q

mesovarium

A

suspensory ligament of the ovary

321
Q

mesosalphinx

A

supports the oviduct

322
Q

mesometrium

A

round ligament of the uterus

323
Q

ovaries

A

produce hormones estrogen and progestins

324
Q

outer uterine layer

A

perimetrium

325
Q

middle uterine layer

A

myometrium

326
Q

inner uterine later

A

endometrium

327
Q

estrus

A

heat period

328
Q

diffuse placenta

A

horse and pig placenta

329
Q

cotyledonary placenta

A

ruminant placenta

330
Q

zonary placenta

A

dog and cat placenta

331
Q

discoid placenta

A

primates, rodents and rabbits

332
Q

placentomes

A

sites where placenta and uterus attach in ruminants

333
Q

caruncle

A

fleshy masses where the placenta attaches on the wall of the uterus in ruminants

334
Q

estrous cycle

A

controlled by hormones FSH and LH

335
Q

polyestrous

A

cycle year round if not pregnant; cattle and swine

336
Q

seasonally polyestrous

A

cycl

337
Q

diestrous interval

A

2 cycles per year; dogs

338
Q

monoestrous interval

A

1 cycle per year; foxes and minks

339
Q

proestrus stage

A

follicular development

340
Q

estrus stage

A

sexual receptivity

341
Q

metestrus stage

A

period of ovulation

342
Q

diestrus stage

A

maintenance of corpus luteum if pregnant, reabsorption if not

343
Q

anestrus stage

A

seasonal inactivity in seasonally polyestrous, diestrous and monestrous animals

Anatomy of Domestic Animals (7 decks)

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