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Wehbe, Physiology II Exam 3 > Endocrine Principals > Flashcards

Endocrine Principals Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

LH surge during ovulation, estrogen causes LH surge, LH causes more estrogen

Contractions

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2
Q

What would cause a decrease in active receptors?

A

increased hormone concentration

increased binding to receptors

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3
Q

How does down regulation of receptors affect the target tissue?

A

decreases responsiveness to hormones

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4
Q

What would cause an increase in number of active receptors?

A

stimulating hormones may cause increase in formation of receptors and greater availability of receptor

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5
Q

How does up regulation of receptors affect the target tissue?

A

increase responsiveness to hormones

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6
Q

What are examples of ion-channel-linked receptors?

A

neurotransmitters

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7
Q

What are characteristics of G protein linked hormone receptors?

A

heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins, 7 transmembrane segments, some inhibitory (Gi), some stimulatory (Gs)

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8
Q

What are characteristics of enzyme-linked hormone receptors?

A

single-pass transmembrane receptors
receptor part of extracellular
intracellular enzyme

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9
Q

What are examples of enzyme-linked hormone receptors?

A

Leptin receptor (JAK-STAT) transduction pathway

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10
Q

What are 4 examples of intracellular receptors for lipid soluble hormones?

A

adrenal and steroidal hormones, thyroid hormones, retenoid hormones, vitamin D

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11
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

A
  1. Polypeptide and protein hormones
  2. Steroids
  3. Amine Hormones
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12
Q

How many amino acids does a polypeptide have?

A

< 100

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13
Q

How many amino acids do proteins have?

A

> 100

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14
Q

Where are polypeptides and proteins stored?

A

in secretory vesicles until needed

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15
Q

How are polypeptides and proteins released?

A

via exocytosis

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16
Q

What are polypeptides and proteins synthesized as?

A

preprohormones

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17
Q

What are characteristics of steroid hormones?

A

synthesized from cholesterol
lipid soluble and diffuse across cell membranes
contain three cyclohexyl rinds and one cyclopentyl ring
have large quantities of cholesterol esters stored rather than storing hormones themselves

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18
Q

What are characteristics of amine hormones?

A

derived from tyrosine
include thyroid and adrenal medullary hormones
formed by actions of enzymes

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19
Q

Where are thyroid hormones incorporated?

A

into macromolecules of thyroglobulin and stored in thyroid gland follicles

20
Q

Where are catecholamines located?

A

ex. epinephrine and norepinephrine

formed in adrenal medulla and stored in vesicles

21
Q

What is the signal transduction mechanism of adenyl cyclase?

A

cAMP as a second messenger system

22
Q

What is the signal transduction mechanism of calcium?

A

calmodulin phospholipid second messenger system

23
Q

What is the signal transduction mechanism of hormones?

A

act directly on DNA

24
Q

GO LOOK AT PICTURE MECHANISM FOR THESE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS AND UNDERSTAND THEM DRAW THEM OUT

A

k, do it now plz

25
Q

What can calcium entry be initiated by?

A
  • changes in membrane potential that open calcium channels

- hormones interacting with membrane receptors

26
Q

What happens when calcium ions bind with calmodulin?

A

3-4 binding sites are filled, calmodulin initiaties activation of protein kinases or inhibition of protein kinases

27
Q

How do hormones act directly on DNA? (steroid hormones)

A

diffuse across membrane, bind with receptor proteins, receptor protein-steroid complex diffuses into nucleus and complex binds to DNA
**takes longer than membrane receptor mediated signaling

28
Q

How do hormones act directly on DNA? (Thyroid hormones)

A

bind directly with receptors in nucleus

activate genetic mechanisms for many kinds of proteins

29
Q

What are the five cells of the anterior pitutiary?

A
  1. Somatotropes- HGF
  2. Corticotropes - ACTH - adrenal cortex
  3. Thyrotropes - TSH - thyroxine by thyroid gland
  4. Gonadotropes - LH and FSH
  5. Lactotropes - prolactin - mammary glands

** Note: Anterior pit doesn’t come from hypothalmic stalk. It forms above mouth and migrates up

30
Q

What are components of the posterior pituitary?

A

Magnocellular neurons in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
ADH - supraoptic
Oxytocin - paraventricular nuclei - contacts uterus, milk ejection

31
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls anterior pituitary via hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones
*control center for internal well being of body

32
Q

What is the growth function of Growth Hormone?

A
  • increase deposition of protein by chondrocytic and osterogenic cells
  • increase rate of reporduction of chondrocytis and osteogenic cells
  • concert chondrocytes into osteogenic cells
  • strongly stimulates osteoblast
33
Q

What is the protein synthesis function of Growth Hormone?

A
  • directly enhance transport of amino acids through cell membranes into cytoplasm
  • increase RNA translation
  • increase transcription
  • decreases protein catabolism: because trying to build up proteins so we stop breaking them down
34
Q

What is the fatty acid mobilization function of growth hormone?

A
  • causes release of fatty acids from adipose tissue

- enhances conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA

35
Q

What is the decreasing glucose utilization of growth hormone?

A
  • decrease glucose uptake in tissue
  • increase glucose production by liver
  • increase insulin secretion
36
Q

What does growth hormone cause in the liver?

A

form somatomedins- increase bone growth, insulin-like factors and somatomedin C

37
Q

What are some factors that stimulate growth hormone secretion?

A

starvation, hypoglycemia, exercise, excitement, trauma, ghrelin (appetite), first two hours of deep sleep

38
Q

In the urea cycle which of the following exactions occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Ammonia + CO2 –> carbamoyl phosphate

39
Q

In protein synthesis, how many high energy phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage?

A

4

40
Q

Which of the following is the major rate limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body?

A

ADP

41
Q

Which of the following statements is a true statement regarding the relationship between blood flow and vascular resistance?

A

high blood flow and low vascular resistance

42
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metabolic syndrome associated with diabetes?

A

peripheral neuropathy

43
Q

What are characteristics of diabetes?

A
  1. obesity
  2. fasting hyperglycermia
  3. hypertension
44
Q

What is released from damaged RBCs and split into globin and heme by macrophages, heme is then converted into which of the following by heme oxygenase?

A

Biliverdin

45
Q

A higher than normal back pressure in the hepatic veins may lead to which of the following?

A

Ascites

46
Q

What is Ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity and leaks out through liver due to high pressure and high venous pressure and is associated with right heart failure

Wehbe, Physiology II Exam 3 (6 decks)

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