Adrenal Hormones

Question 1

What is secreted in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 1

catecholamines- epinephrine and norephinephrine

Question 2

What autonomic system is the adrenal medulla related to?

Answer 2

sympathetic nervous system

Question 3

What is secreted in the adrenal cortex?

Answer 3

corticosteroids- mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgenic hormones

Question 4

What is secreted from the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 4

aldosterone

Question 5

What is secreted from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis?

Answer 5

Cortisol and androgens

Question 6

Where are corticosteroids synthesized from?

Answer 6

cholesterol

Question 7

What affect does ACTh have on LDL receptors?

Answer 7

increases

Question 8

What is cholesterol converted to in the mitochondria?

Answer 8

pregnenolone

Question 9

What is the enzyme needed for the converstion of cholesterol?

Answer 9

cholesterol desmolase (rate limiting step)

Question 10

What are two things that can increase the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone?

Answer 10

ACTH and angiotension II

Question 11

What is the major mineralocorticoid?

Answer 11

aldosteron

Question 12

What controls mineralocorticoid secretion?

Answer 12

angiotension II and K+

Question 13

Where are mineraloscorticoids secreted?

Answer 13

zona glomerulosa

Question 14

What is the major glucocorticoid?

Answer 14

cortisol

Question 15

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on blood glucose?

Answer 15

increase blood glucose concentration

Question 16

What controls glucocorticoid secretion?

Answer 16

ACTH

Question 17

Where are glucocorticoids secreted?

Answer 17

zona fasciculata

Question 18

What are the androgenic hormones?

Answer 18

DHEA and estrogen

Question 19

Where are androgenic hormones secreted?

Answer 19

zona reticularis

Question 20

What can a lack of aldosterone cause?

Answer 20

death, K+ levels ride in ECF 
Na and Cl are lost in urine
blood volume reduced
hyperkalemia
cardiac toxicity

Question 21

What can an excess of aldosterone cause?

Answer 21

Increase in ECF and arterial pressure
hypokalemia and muscle weakness
transport of K+ from ECP
alkalosis

Question 22

What effect does aldosterone have on reabsorption?

Answer 22

increases renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and increases potassium in urine

Question 23

What is the sequence of events leading to sodium reabsorption?

Answer 23

aldosterone diffusion
aldosterone combines with mineralocorticoid
aldosterone complex diffuses into nucleus
RNA transcription
Sodium-potassium ATPase pump
Epithelial sodium channel formed

Question 24

What are the cells that are involved in aldosterone responsive epithelial cell signaling?

Answer 24

principal cells

Question 25

How is aldosterone secretion regulated?

Answer 25

**independent of cortisol regulation** increase K+ increases aldosterone increase angiotension II increases aldosterone ACTH has little effect in controlling rate of secretion

Question 26

What are the functions of glucocorticoids?

Answer 26

``` stimulates gluconeogenesis resists stress resists inflammation increase enzymes that convert amino acids to glucose decrease eosinophils ```

Question 27

What causes primary Addison's Disease?

Answer 27

hypoadrenalism due to injurt to adrenal cortex

Question 28

What causes secondary Addison's Disease?

Answer 28

hypoadrenalism- impaired function of pituitary gland

Question 29

What are the the disturbances for Addison's Disease?

Answer 29

mineralocorticoid definiciency glucocorticoid deficiency Melanin pigmentation

Question 30

What are some effects of a mineralocorticoid deficienct?

Answer 30

``` decrease fluid volume hyponatremia hyperkalemia acidosis increase RBC concentration Decrease bp and cardiac output death from shock ```

Question 31

What are some effects of a glucocorticoid deficiency?

Answer 31

can't maintain normal glucose concentration decrease protein and fats muscle weakness stress

Question 32

What are some effects of melanin pigmentation?

Answer 32

problem with negative feedback to pituitary | uneven distribution of pigmentation

Question 33

What is Cushing's Disease?

Answer 33

hyperadrenalism

Question 34

What causes Cushing's Disease

Answer 34

``` Adenomas of anterior pit abnormal hypothalamus ectopic secretion of ACTH adenoma of adrenal cortex excess ACTH ```

Question 35

What are some characteristics of Cushing's Disease?

Answer 35

``` Buffalo torso Moon face Acne Hirsutism hypertension increased blood glucose ```