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Wehbe, Physiology II Exam 3 > Calcium Balance > Flashcards

Calcium Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of hypercalcemia?

A

progressive depression of the nervous system

constipation and lack of appetite

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2
Q

What does a decrease in calcium concentration cause?

A

nervous system is more excited

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3
Q

What percent of of total body calcium is in the extracellular fluid?

A

0.1%

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4
Q

What percent is in the cells and organelles?

A

1%

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5
Q

Where is the majority of calcium stored?

A

in the bones

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6
Q

What percent of phosphate is stored in the bones?

A

85%

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7
Q

What percent of phosphate is stored in the cells?

A

14-15%

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8
Q

What percent of phosphate is stored in extracellular fluid?

A

less than 1%

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9
Q

How is inorganic phosphate in the plasma?

A

HPO4 and H2PO4

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10
Q

T/F Large changes in the level of phosphate in the ECF do not cause major immediate effects on the body

A

T

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11
Q

T/F Slight changes in extracellular calcium does not cause extreme immediate physiological effects

A

F, does cause extreme effects

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12
Q

How does the body react to hypocalcemia

A

causes nervous system excitement and tetany

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13
Q

Why does the nervous system become more excitable

A

increased neuronal membrane permeability to sodium

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14
Q

Why does hypocalcemia cause seizures?

A

first sign is tetany in the hand

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15
Q

When does tetany occur?

A

hypocalcemia

lethal amouth in 4mg/dl

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16
Q

What are the usual rates of intake for calcium each day

A

1000mg/day

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17
Q

What effect does vitamin D have on calcium absorption?

A

increases

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18
Q

What happens to calcium when it isn’t absorbed?

A

excreted in feces (250mg/day- 90% of daily intake)

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19
Q

How much calcium is excreted in urine?

A

10% - 100mg/day

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20
Q

What percent of plasma calcium is bound to plasma proteins?

A

41%

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21
Q

What percent of calcium do the renal tubules reabsorb?

A

99%

22
Q

What is the purpose of exchangeable calcium?

A

rapid buffering mechanism (goes back to normal in about 30 minutes)

23
Q

How does vitamin D increase calcium absorption?

A

by intestines, kidneys, and bones to absorb calcium into ECF and contribute to feedback regulation

24
Q

Where are vitamin D receptors in most cells?

A

nuclei of target cells

25
Q

What are the characteristics of vitamin D receptors

A

Have hormones binding and DNA binding

26
Q

What is calbindin?

A

calcium-binding protein in intestinal epitheial cells

help transport calcium into the cell cytoplasm

27
Q

How does 1,25 dihydrocycholecalciferol promote calcium absoprtion

A
  1. calcium stimulated ATPase in brush border

2. alkaline phosphatase

28
Q

What is the affect of extreme quantities of vitamin D?

A

absorption of bone

29
Q

What happens when vitamin D is in small quantities?

A

bone calcification

30
Q

What happens if there is excess PTH?

A

rapid absorption of calcium salts from bones

31
Q

What does hypofunction of PTH glands cause?

A

hypocalcemia and tetany

32
Q

What is the process of synthesis of PTH?

A

Location- ER and gogi

preprohormone –> prohormones –> hormone

33
Q

What occurs during the rapid phase of PTH?

A

begins in minutes- activation of already existing bones to promote Ca and phosphate absorption

34
Q

What occurs during the slower phase of PTH?

A

begins in days or weeks

through proliferation of osteoclasts, reabsorption of bone itself

35
Q

T/F osteoclasts have membrane receptor proteins for PTH?

A

F- they do not

36
Q

What is the major secondary signal in osteoclasts to activate preosteoclast cells?

A

osteoprotegerin ligand

37
Q

What are the two stages of the osteoclastic system?

A
  1. Immediate activation of osteoclasts

2. Formation of new osteoclasts

38
Q

What affect does PTH have on renal calcium reabsorption?

A

rapid loss phosphate in urine

increase renal tubular reabsorption

39
Q

What are three conditions that decrease calcium ion concentration?

A
  1. Rickets
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Lactation
40
Q

What conditions increase calcium ion concentration above normal?

A
  • excess calcium in diet
  • increased vitamin D in diet
  • bone absoprtion
41
Q

What are the characteristics of calcitonin?

A
  • peptide hormone
  • decreases calcium concentration
  • secreted by thyroid gland
42
Q

Where is calcitonin synthesized?

A

parafollicular cells (C cells)

43
Q

What is occurring during Paget disease?

A

osteoclastic activity is greatly accelerated

calcitonin is more potent

44
Q

When does hypoparathyroidism occur?

A

when PT glands dont secrete enough PTH
osteoclasts become totally inactive
signs of tetany- spasms can obstruct respiration

45
Q

What is primary hyperthyroidism?

A

abnormality of parathyroid gland cause excess PTH

*more prevalent in women

46
Q

What is secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

High levels of PTH

Can be cause by vitamin D deficiency

47
Q

Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid and is secreted by which of the following regions of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa

48
Q

Coritsol secretion is controlled by which of the following factors?

A

ACTH

49
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of lack of aldosterone?

A

hypernateremia

50
Q

Adrenal diabetes may occur due to excess of which of the following

A

Glucocorticoids

51
Q

Addisons disease is due to a deificiency in what?

A

GLucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Wehbe, Physiology II Exam 3 (6 decks)

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