Endocrine Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type secretes prolactin and where is it secreted from?

A

Secreted by lactotrophs in anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

under what condition is prolactin inhibited?

A

under high dopamine level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does hyperprolactinemia lead to?

A

leads to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What drugs have an effect on dopamine levels and therefore on prolactin ?

A
Antipsychotics 
Antiemetics 
Antidepressants 
Opiates
H2 receptor antagonists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what symptoms may a female with hyperprolactinemia present with?

A

Amenorrhea (no period – due to hypogonadism from hyperprolactinemia)
Galactorrhea (spontaneous milk flow from breast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the most common functioning pituitary tumour? How can it be identified?

A

Prolactinoma

Using MRI scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the first line treatment recommended for a prolactinoma? give an example

A

Dopamine agonists e.g. cabergoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is ADH also known as?

A

Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is vasopressin/ADH secreted from?

A

secreted from posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What condition occurs when ADH is no longer secreted?

A

Cranial Diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What condition occurs when the body is longer responsive to ADH?

A

Kidney Diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 2 types of ADH receptors, where are they found and how dot hey respond to ADH?

A

V1 receptors: on vascular smooth muscle, cause vasoconstriction
V2 receptors: in DCT and collecting tubule of kidneys, increases the number of aquaporin channels to reabsorb water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is desmopressin and what effects does it have?

A

oral form of vasopressin

Has no vasoconstrictor effects so just increases water reabsorption and a has longer half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is acromegaly? what causes it?

A

Hormonal disorder that is caused by pituitary adenoma that leads to excessive growth hormone secretion which stimulates IGF-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What treatment is there for acromegaly?

A

Somatostatin analogue
Dopamine agonist
GH receptor antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

side effect of somatostatin analogue?

A

Gallstones

17
Q

side effect of GH receptor antagonist ?

A

Liver injury

18
Q

What treatment is given for hypothyroidism and what from does the thyroxine circulate in?

A

levothyroxine

Mostly as T4

19
Q

What are thionamides and how what is their mechanism of action?

A

Antithyroid drugs
They reduces thyroid hormone synthesis by:
Inhibiting iodide oxidation (to iodine)
Inhibiting iodination of tyrosine (to form MIT/DIT)
Inhibiting coupling of iodotyrosines (to form T3/4)

20
Q

Name two examples of thionamides, what are their side effects?

A

Carbimazole - causes low WBC count, concerns about use during pregnancy
Propylthiouracil (PTU) - risk of liver damage

21
Q

List 3 other treatment options for hyperthyroidism

A

Beta-blockers – propranolol, reduces sympathetic action, doesn’t affect hormonal levels
Potassium iodide – saturates gland and stops hormones being released
Radioactive iodine

22
Q

Which diabetes drugs increase insulin levels? give examples

A

Sulphonylureas e.g. Gliclazide
GLP-1 agonists e.g. Exenatide, liraglutide
DPP-4 inhibitors e.g. Sitagliptin, linagliptin
Insulin

23
Q

Which diabetes drugs increase insulin sensitivity? give examples

A

Biguanides e.g. Metformin

Thiazolidinediones e.g. Pioglitazone

24
Q

Which diabetes drug increases glucose in urine? give examples

A

SGLT2 inhibitors e.g. Dapagliflozin, canagliflozin

25
What effect does metformin have?
Reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis
26
What effect do sulphonylureas have?
Bind to receptor on beta cells, inhibit K+ ATP channels and permit increased insulin secretion Increased circulating insulin
27
What is PPARγ? What effect do thiazolidinediones have on it?
PPARγ is a nuclear receptor expressed in adipose tissue, muscle, liver. They are PPARγ agonists and increase transcription of insulin sensitising genes
28
What effect doe SGLT2 inhibitors have?
Inhibit SGLT2 transporters which normally reabsorbs glucose in proximal convoluted tubule Lowers glucose without causing hypoglycaemia
29
What is the synthetic version of cortisol?
Hydrocortisone
30
Apart from hydrocortisone, give 3 examples of glucocorticoid preparations
Prednisolone Dexamethasone Betamethasone
31
Aldosterone is a type of ______?
Mineralocorticoid
32
why can aldosterone not be given orally?
It is metabolised in the liver
33
Give an example of a synthetic mineralocorticoid
Fludrocortisone
34
What effect does aldosterone have?
Main action on Na/K pump --> sodium and water reabsorption, loss/excretion of potassium
35
Give an example of a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, what effect does it have?
Spironolactone - block aldosterone receptor
36
give examples of 2 bisphosphonates used to treat osteoporosis? What effect do they have?
Alendronate zolendronate Binds to bone and inhibits osteoclast activity