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Y2 Endocrine Block > Endocrine histology and anatomy week3 > Flashcards

Endocrine histology and anatomy week3 Flashcards

1
Q

anterior pituitary is also known as?

A

adenohypophysis

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2
Q

posterior pituitary is also known as?

A

neurohypophysis

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3
Q

what does the anterior pituitary develop from?

A

dorsal outgrowth of embryonic pharynx

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4
Q

what does the posterior pituitary develop from?

A

ventrally orientated down growth from the diencephalon

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5
Q

of the anterior and posterior pituitary, which one stains more darkly in histology?

A

Anterior pituitary stains more darkly

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6
Q

from which tissue does the thin fibro-elastic capsule surrounding the pituitary develop?

A

meninges

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of secretory cells in anterior pituitary?

A

Chromophobes and chromophils

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8
Q

what is the difference between chromophobes and chromophils ?

A 
Chromophobes = pale staining, exhausted secretory cells
chromophils = strong staining, active secretory cells
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9
Q

Somatotrophs secrete _____?

A

Growth hormone

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10
Q

Lactototrophs secrete _____?

A

prolactin

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11
Q

corticotrophs secrete _____?

A

ACTH, Beta-lipotropin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating protein and Beta-endorphin

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12
Q

thyrotrophs secrete _____?

A

TSH

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13
Q

Gonadotrophs secrete _____?

A

FSH and LH

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14
Q

which endocrine cell types are acidophils?

A

Somatotrophs and lactotrophs

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15
Q

which endocrine cell types are basophils?

A

thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and corticotrophs

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16
Q

what is the target organ and effect of Somatotrophin?

A

Body tissues + hepatocytes - secrete IGF-1

Metabolic actions - growth
Increased protein synthesis
increased growth of cartilage
Increased fatty acid production 
Increased insulin production
17
Q

what is the target organ and effect of Prolactin?

A

mammary gland in breast

Stimulates lactation
Renal na/water reabsorption
Steroidogenesis
Stimulates T cells

18
Q

what is the target organ and effect of thyroid hormone?

A

Increases thyroid hormone secretion (T4 has minimal effect on metabolism but T3 increases metabolism, growth and development, potentiates catecholamine effect)

19
Q

what is the target organ and effect of FSH and LH?

A 
female = ovaries
male = testes

Female: growth of follicle, maturation of follicle, oestrogen secretion, formation of corpus luteum
male: stimulates seminiferous epithelium, stimulates leading cells to secrete testosterone

20
Q

what is the target organ and effect of ACTH?

A

adrenal cortex

synthesis and release of cortisol principally form zone fasciculata

21
Q

what is the diameter of an erythrocyte?

A

6-8 micrometers

22
Q

where does the thyroid gland develop form?

A

endodermal downgrowth from floor of developing pharynx

23
Q

what makes the site of the down growth (development of thyroid gland) and what can sometimes remain in adults?

A

foramen caecum at back of tongue

Cyst like remnants

24
Q

when thyroid follicles are inactive what cell shape are they? what shape do they becomes when active

A

simple cuboidal or squamous

become columnar

25
Q

what is involved in the exocrine stage of thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

Exocrine secretion of colloid - rich in thyroglobulin (which is an iodinated glycoprotein) and is a storage form of thyroxine

26
Q

which cell organelle produces protein part of thyroglobulin?

A

rough ER

27
Q

where is the sugar component of thyroglobulin added?

A

Golgi apparatus

28
Q

which enzyme enables iodide to be converted to iodine?

A

thyroid peroxidase

29
Q

what is hashimoto’s thyroiditis and what causes it?

A

autoimmune disease which causes hypothyroidism

Caused by anti thyroid peroxidase antibodies

30
Q

what histological staining characteristics can be seen in someone with hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

many blue nuclei due to lymphocyte infiltration

fibrosis, no follicles left

31
Q

what are signs of hyperphosphataemia ?

A

severe itching of skin and weakening of bones

32
Q

what hormone do C cells secrete? what is its function?

A

calcitonin

lowers serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reduces renal calcium reabsorption

33
Q

how many parathyroid glands do we have?

A

4 (2 upper, 2 lower)

34
Q

what are the two types of secretory cells in parathyroid glands? which are acidophilic and which are basophilic ?

A

Chief cells - basophilic

Oxyphil cells - acidophilic

Y2 Endocrine Block (21 decks)

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