Endocrine histology and anatomy week3

Question 1

anterior pituitary is also known as?

Answer 1

adenohypophysis

Question 2

posterior pituitary is also known as?

Answer 2

neurohypophysis

Question 3

what does the anterior pituitary develop from?

Answer 3

dorsal outgrowth of embryonic pharynx

Question 4

what does the posterior pituitary develop from?

Answer 4

ventrally orientated down growth from the diencephalon

Question 5

of the anterior and posterior pituitary, which one stains more darkly in histology?

Answer 5

Anterior pituitary stains more darkly

Question 6

from which tissue does the thin fibro-elastic capsule surrounding the pituitary develop?

Answer 6

meninges

Question 7

what are the 2 types of secretory cells in anterior pituitary?

Answer 7

Chromophobes and chromophils

Question 8

what is the difference between chromophobes and chromophils ?

Answer 8

Chromophobes = pale staining, exhausted secretory cells
chromophils = strong staining, active secretory cells

Question 9

Somatotrophs secrete _____?

Answer 9

Growth hormone

Question 10

Lactototrophs secrete _____?

Answer 10

prolactin

Question 11

corticotrophs secrete _____?

Answer 11

ACTH, Beta-lipotropin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating protein and Beta-endorphin

Question 12

thyrotrophs secrete _____?

Answer 12

TSH

Question 13

Gonadotrophs secrete _____?

Answer 13

FSH and LH

Question 14

which endocrine cell types are acidophils?

Answer 14

Somatotrophs and lactotrophs

Question 15

which endocrine cell types are basophils?

Answer 15

thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and corticotrophs

Question 16

what is the target organ and effect of Somatotrophin?

Answer 16

Body tissues + hepatocytes - secrete IGF-1

Metabolic actions - growth
Increased protein synthesis
increased growth of cartilage
Increased fatty acid production 
Increased insulin production

Question 17

what is the target organ and effect of Prolactin?

Answer 17

mammary gland in breast

Stimulates lactation
Renal na/water reabsorption
Steroidogenesis
Stimulates T cells

Question 18

what is the target organ and effect of thyroid hormone?

Answer 18

Increases thyroid hormone secretion (T4 has minimal effect on metabolism but T3 increases metabolism, growth and development, potentiates catecholamine effect)

Question 19

what is the target organ and effect of FSH and LH?

Answer 19

female = ovaries
male = testes

Female: growth of follicle, maturation of follicle, oestrogen secretion, formation of corpus luteum
male: stimulates seminiferous epithelium, stimulates leading cells to secrete testosterone

Question 20

what is the target organ and effect of ACTH?

Answer 20

adrenal cortex

synthesis and release of cortisol principally form zone fasciculata

Question 21

what is the diameter of an erythrocyte?

Answer 21

6-8 micrometers

Question 22

where does the thyroid gland develop form?

Answer 22

endodermal downgrowth from floor of developing pharynx

Question 23

what makes the site of the down growth (development of thyroid gland) and what can sometimes remain in adults?

Answer 23

foramen caecum at back of tongue

Cyst like remnants

Question 24

when thyroid follicles are inactive what cell shape are they? what shape do they becomes when active

Answer 24

simple cuboidal or squamous

become columnar

Question 25

what is involved in the exocrine stage of thyroid hormone synthesis?

Answer 25

Exocrine secretion of colloid - rich in thyroglobulin (which is an iodinated glycoprotein) and is a storage form of thyroxine

Question 26

which cell organelle produces protein part of thyroglobulin?

Answer 26

rough ER

Question 27

where is the sugar component of thyroglobulin added?

Answer 27

Golgi apparatus

Question 28

which enzyme enables iodide to be converted to iodine?

Answer 28

thyroid peroxidase

Question 29

what is hashimoto's thyroiditis and what causes it?

Answer 29

autoimmune disease which causes hypothyroidism | Caused by anti thyroid peroxidase antibodies

Question 30

what histological staining characteristics can be seen in someone with hashimoto's thyroiditis?

Answer 30

many blue nuclei due to lymphocyte infiltration | fibrosis, no follicles left

Question 31

what are signs of hyperphosphataemia ?

Answer 31

severe itching of skin and weakening of bones

Question 32

what hormone do C cells secrete? what is its function?

Answer 32

calcitonin | lowers serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reduces renal calcium reabsorption

Question 33

how many parathyroid glands do we have?

Answer 33

4 (2 upper, 2 lower)

Question 34

what are the two types of secretory cells in parathyroid glands? which are acidophilic and which are basophilic ?

Answer 34

Chief cells - basophilic | Oxyphil cells - acidophilic