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Endo > Endocrine Pharm > Flashcards

Endocrine Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the potency of hydrocortisone

A
  • 1
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2
Q

what is the potency of prednisone

A
  • 3.5
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3
Q

what do you use to replace glucocorticoids

A
  • hydrocortisone

- prednisone

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4
Q

what do you use to replace mineralocorticoids

A
  • fludrocortisone
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5
Q

which drugs are glucocorticoids antagonists

A
  • mifepristone
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6
Q

which drugs are somatostatin analogs used to inhibit ACTH and GH secretion

A
  • pasireotide
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7
Q

which drugs are glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitors

A
  • ketoconazole

- aminoglutethimide

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8
Q

why do you treat hyperprolactinemia with hypercortisolism

A
  • hyperprolactinemia often goes hand in hand with hypercortisolism
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9
Q

MOA of pasireotide

A
  • inhibit release of GH from pituitary gland
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10
Q

MOA of ketoconazole

A
  • inhibit synthesis of cortisol
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11
Q

MOA of aminoglutethimide

A
  • inhibit synthesis of cortisol
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12
Q

side effects of ketoconazole

A
  • gynecomastia
  • decrease libido
  • impotence
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13
Q

why does ketoconazole react with other drugs

what does this cause

A
  • inhibits CYP3A4
  • can’t metabolize the drug
  • increased toxicities
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14
Q

MOA of mifepristone

A
  • binds GC receptor and inhibits cortisol binding
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15
Q

mifepristone pregnancy category

why

A
  • X

- induces abortion

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16
Q

how do we treat primary hyperaldosteronism

what are they

A
  • aldosterone antagonists
  • spironolactone
  • eplerenone
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17
Q

treatments for secondary hypertension due to renovascular cause

A
  • ACEi (-pril)

- ARBS (-artan)

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18
Q

MOA of bisphosphonates

do we use them for mild or severe osteoporosis

A
  • bind to bone
  • cause osteoclasts to die by apoptosis
  • mild
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19
Q

examples of bisphosphonates

which are oral and which are IV

A
  • alendronate (oral)
  • risedonrate (oral)
  • ibandronate (oral)
  • zoledronate (IV)
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20
Q

toxicities of bisphosphonates

how do we give to patient

A
  • esophagitis (oral only)
  • osteonecrosis of the jaw (more common in IV)
  • on an empty stomach with lots of water
  • patients should remain upright for an hour after ingestion
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21
Q

MOA of raloxifine

do we use them for mild or severe osteoporosis

toxicities

A
  • selective estrogen receptor modulator
  • estrogen agonist in bone reversing osteoporosis
  • mild
  • VTE/stroke
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22
Q

MOA of the parathyroid analogs

examples of these drugs

  • do we use them for mild or severe osteoporosis
A
  • in low intermittent doses stimulates osteoblasts
  • teriparatide
  • abaloparatide
  • severe
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23
Q

MOA of Denosumab

do we use them for mild or severe osteoporosis

A
  • inhibits activation of osteoclasts by blocking RANKL

- severe

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24
Q

treatment for hypothyroidism

which one is preferred and why

A
  • levothyroxine/T4 - preferred dude to longer half life

- liothyronine/T3

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25
Q

what treatment for hyperthyroidism operates via the Wolff chaikoff effect

A
  • potassium iodide
26
Q

how does radioactive I^131 used in hyperthyroidism

A
  • absorbed by thyroid gland

- kills thyroid cells

27
Q

MOA of methimazole

preferred during which phase of pregnancy

A
  • thyroid peroxidase inhibitor

- 2nd/3rd trimester

28
Q

MOA of propylthiouracil

preferred during which phase of pregnancy

A
  • thyroid peroxidase inhibitor
  • 5’ deiodinase inhibitor
  • 1st trimester
29
Q

major toxicity of methimazole and propylthiouracil

A
  • agranulocytosis (neutropenia)
30
Q

why do we use beta blockers in hyperthyroidism

A
  • decrease cardiac output through the thyroid hormone up regulation of beta 1 receptors
31
Q

long-acting insulin is used for

A
  • basal glucose control
32
Q

rapid/intermediate insulin is used for

A
  • meals
33
Q

what insulins are rapid acting

A
  • aspart
  • glulisine
  • lispro
34
Q

what insulins are short acting

A
  • insulin (natural)

- regular

35
Q

what insulins are intermediate acting

A
  • NPH
36
Q

what insulins are long acting

A
  • glargine

- detimir

37
Q

MOA of metformin

what type of drug is it

A
  • inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver

- biguanide

38
Q

toxicities of metformin

contraindicated in patients with

A
  • lactic acidosis
  • liver failure
  • respiratory insufficiency
  • alcoholism
  • THINGS THAT PROMOTE ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS IN THE LIVER
39
Q

MOA of the thiazolidinediones

examples of these drugs

A
  • increases synthesis of glucose transporters
  • Pioglitazone
  • Rosiglitazone
  • ALL END IN GLITAZONE
40
Q

MOA of acarbose

A
  • glucosidase inhibitor

- blocks breakdown of saccharides in the intestines

41
Q

MOA of miglitol

A
  • glucosidase inhibitor

- blocks breakdown of saccharides in the intestines

42
Q

side effects of the glucosidase inhibitors

A
  • GI upset (flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain)
43
Q

what are the SGLT2 inhibitors

A
  • end in -aglifozin
44
Q

MOA of Canagliflozin

A
  • SGLT2 inhibitor in PCT

- decrease reabsorption of glucose

45
Q

MOA of Dapagliflozin

A
  • SGLT2 inhibitor in PCT
46
Q

MOA of Empagliflozin

A
  • SGLT2 inhibitor in PCT
47
Q

toxicities of -agliflozin class

A
  • increased urination
  • hypotension
  • UTIs
48
Q

how does Canagliflozin promote UTIs

A
  • excess glucose in urine promotes bacterial and fungal growth
49
Q

MOA of sulfonylureas

A
  • block K+ channels to depolarize cell

- induce secretion of insulin from beta cell

50
Q

what are the first gen sulfonyureas

A
  • tolbutamide

- chlorpropamide

51
Q

what are the second gen sulfonyureas

A
  • glyburide
  • glipizide
  • glimepiride
52
Q

MOA of incretin modulators

A
  • activate GLP-1 receptor on beta cells
  • decrease glucagon release
  • decrease gastric emptying
  • increase glucose-dependent insulin release
53
Q

examples of incretin modulators

A
  • exenatide

- liraglutide

54
Q

MOA of DPP-4 inhibitors

A
  • block enzyme that deactivates GLP-1
55
Q

examples of DPP-4 inhibitors

A
  • linagliptin
  • saxagliptin
  • sitagliptin
56
Q

pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes always starts with

A
  • metformin
57
Q

MOA of desmopressin

used to treat

A
  • ADH analog

- central DI

58
Q

examples of meglitinide analogs

A
  • Repaglinide
  • Nateglinide
  • ALL END IN GLINIDE
59
Q

MOA of amylin analogs

examples

A
  • decrease glucagon release, gastric emptying, appetite

- pramlintide

60
Q

MOA of diuretics

used to treat which form of DI

examples

A
  • induce volume depletion
  • increase water reabsoprtion
  • nephrogenic
  • HCTZ (thiazide)
  • amiloride (k+ sparing)
61
Q

how are NSAIDs effective in treating DI

A
  • effective in treating lithium induced DI
  • reduces Li+ filtration by decreasing GFR
  • prostaglandins vasodilate afferent arteriole. NSAIDS block prostaglandins
62
Q

what two diabetes drugs cause hypoglycemia

A
  • sulfonyureas

- amylin analogs

Endo (10 decks)

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