Endocrine Pathalogy Flashcards
non encapsulated, pale empty nuclei, lymph node mets
Papillary carcinoma
Sympathetic activation of adrenal medulla
ACh
Benign adrenal lesions:
If functioning…
<3cm, homogenous, thin wall, lipid rich.
Urine VMA – functioning should be removed. Alpha +/- beta blockade
Oxyphil cells normally found in
parathyroid glands
Addisonian crisis
adrenal insufficiency - hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and hypoglycaemia
Thyroid cancer recurrence
o Medullary carcinoma (parafollicular c cells) – calcitonin
o Follicular carcinoma – thyroglobulin antibodies
90% of pancreatic carcinomas are
Ductular epithelia adenocarcinomas
Ductular epithelia - origin 90% of pancreatic carcinomas are adenocarcinomas.
Oxyphil cells with scanty colloid
Hurthe Cell tumours – worst follicular prognosis
1.5 cm insulinoma of the pancreatic head
Enucleation of the lesion
hypocalcaemia – confusion + laryngospasm/stridor
Parathryoid gland exploration – ischaemia – hypocalcaemia – confusion + laryngospasm/stridor (if no haematoma/drain empty)
for thyrotoxic storm
Beta adrenoceptor blockers and thionamides
Post viral hyperthyroidism, painful goitre, low I131 uptake.
Subacute/DeQuervain thyroiditis: Post viral hyperthyroidism, painful goitre, low I131 uptake. Raised ESR.
No surgery required!
Insulin half-life
<30minutes!
MEN1
3Ps – Parathyroid adenoma, Pituitary/Prolactinoma, Pancreatic/ZE Syndrome
MEN IIa –
Pheochromocytoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, MTC
MEN IIb –
Pheochromocytoma + MTC + marfanoid +mucosal neuroma
Triiodothyronine/T3 acts on…
nuclear receptor on chromatin – induce protein synthesis
SIADH
Analgesics: opioids, NSAIDs / Barbiturates
o Cyclophosphamide/ Chlorpromazine/ Carbamazepine
o Diuretic (thiazides)
Brown tumours
hyperparathyroidism – high bone turnover with blood supply and no matrix
PTH half life
<10minutes
Glucacon released by and when…
Glucacon – alpha cells release in hypoglycaemia or aminoacids
Thyroglobulin is a…
Colloid
Stimulations and Suppresses Prolactin
TRH stimulates prolactin secretion
Dopamine suppresses
Catecholamines derived from
Catecholamines derived from tyrosine
ECG in hypercalcaemia?
ECG in hypercalcaemia:
- Increased PR interval, progressing to heart block
- Widened QRD but Shortened QT interval (Shortened ST)
- Flattened or inverted T waves
- Severe J waves
- Bradycardia
Calcium Ranges
Normal serum corrected calcium = 2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L
Mild hypercalcaemia = 2.7 – 2.9 mmol/L
Moderate hypercalcaemia = 3.0 – 3.4 mmol/L
Severe hypercalcaemia = greater than 3.4 mmol/L
Graves description
vascularity
receptor type
commonest thyrotoxicosis, diffuse goitre, increased vascularity, P() pretibial myxodoema > exophthalmos
o igG – long acting thyroid receptor (LATS)
