endocrine pancreas

Question 1

low glucose concentration in blood

Answer 1

hypoglycemia
hungry cell

Question 2

high glucose concentration in blood

Answer 2

hyperglycemia
cell toxicity

Question 3

keeps blood glucose from dropping too low

Answer 3

glucagon

Question 4

produced to keep blood glucose from rising too high

Answer 4

insulin

Question 5

The two hormones counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose

Answer 5

insulin and glucagon

Question 6

Islets of langerhans are found in the

Answer 6

pancreas

Question 7

islet of langerhans’s produce 2 hormones:

Answer 7

insulin and glucagon

Question 8

alpha cells in islet of langerhan’s produce

Answer 8

glucagon

Question 9

beta cells in islet of langerhan’s produce

Answer 9

insulin

Question 10

delta cells in islet of langerhan’s produce

Answer 10

somatostatin

Question 11

hyperglycemia induces production of_____ stimulating_______

Answer 11

insulin
glycogenesis in liver and glucose uptake by cells

Question 12

hypoglycemia induces production of ______stimulating________

Answer 12

glucagon
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver and helps to release glucose to blood

Question 13

main anabolic hormone of the body.

Answer 13

insulin

Question 14

mechanism of action of insulin

Answer 14

regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.

Question 15

Insulin promotes absorption of glucose from blood by which organs

Answer 15

liver
fat
skeletal muscle cells

Question 16

glucose absorbed in fat, liver and skeletal m. is converted into

Answer 16

glycogen
fats
or both

Question 17

glycogenesis

Answer 17

converts glucose into glycogen

Question 18

lipogenesis

Answer 18

converts glucose into fats

Question 19

t/f the liver can do glycogenesis and lipogenesis

Answer 19

true

Question 20

glucose production and secretion by the liver is INHBITED by

Answer 20

high concentrations of INSULIN in blood

Question 21

insulin secretion is primarily stimulated by

Answer 21

high blood glucose level

Question 22

increased blood glucose will also stimulate what GI hormones and which amino acids?

Answer 22

GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide or gastric inhibitory peptide);
GLP-1( glucagon-like peptide-1)
Arginine

Question 23

somatostatin
leptin

Answer 23

Released when blood glucose decreases

Question 24

Three main insulin target cells

Answer 24

1. Liver cells (hepatocytes)
2. Fat cells (adipocytes)
3. Skeletal muscle cells

Question 25

What is specifically stimulated by insulin in skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes and heart to increase glucose uptake?

Answer 25

GLUT4 translocation from intracellular vesicles to membrane

Question 26

t/f GLUT4 mechanism does not occur in liver cells

Answer 26

true

Question 27

t/f Insulin acts as a glucose-depositing hormone by decreasing glucose plasma concentration

Answer 27

true

Question 28

increased Cellular glucose trapping is promoted by

Answer 28

glucokinase activity

Question 29

increased glycogenesis activity is promoted by

Answer 29

Glycogen synthase (GYS) activity

Question 30

2 mechanisms are decreased in the liver in response to insulin

Answer 30

Hepatic Glycogenolysis Hepatic Gluconeogenesis

Question 31

insulin affects fat metabolism by 2 mechanisms

Answer 31

increasing lipid synthesis = increased activity of mRNA lipogenic enzymes decreasing lipolysis = decreasing lipase

Question 32

decreasing the activity of lipase causes

Answer 32

decreased lipolysis

Question 33

Increasing the activity of mRNA lipogenic enzymes causes

Answer 33

increased lipid synthesis

Question 34

insulin affects amino acid metabolism by 3 mechanisms

Answer 34

increasing uptake of amino acids into cells increasing protein synthesis decreasing protein breakdown

Question 35

t/f Glucose is the only nutrient that generally can be used by brain, hypoglycemia damages brain cells

Answer 35

true

Question 36

5 clinical signs of RAPID fall of blood glucose

Answer 36

Sweating weakness hunger increased HR “inner trembling” due to increase in Catecholamine release

Question 37

5 CLINICAL SIGNS of SLOW fall of glucose blood levels

Answer 37

Headache blurred vision diplopia coma convulsions

Question 38

t/f insulin overdose may present the same clinical signs of rapid or slow fall glucose concentration in blood

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Glucagon is a peptide hormone that is essential

Answer 39

CATABOLISM

Question 40

insulin is essential for

Answer 40

ANABOLISM

Question 41

primary target tissue of glucagon

Answer 41

LIVER

Question 42

physiologically, the most potent secretory stimulus of glucagon

Answer 42

HYPOGLYCEMIA

Question 43

T/F Glucagon keeps blood glucose from dropping too low

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

glucose-mobilizing hormone

Answer 44

GLUCAGON

Question 45

2 main mechanisms of glucagon

Answer 45

increased hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase endogenous (hepatic) glucose production and release into blood INHIBITS any metabolic events caused by INSULIN

Question 46

glucose-depositing hormone

Answer 46

insulin

Question 47

t/f After meal, insulin help to direct blood nutrients to tissues. The targets of insulin are liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.

Answer 47

true

Question 48

t/f In the fasting state, glucagon help to directs the movement of stored nutrients into the blood. The main physiological target of glucagon is Liver

Answer 48

true

Question 49

The targets of insulin are

Answer 49

liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.

Question 50

diabetes occurs when

Answer 50

blood glucose is too high

Question 51

clinical signs of diabetes mellitus

Answer 51

polyuria =- excessive urine production polydipsia = excessive thirst dehydration depression fatigue weight loss

Question 52

Type 1 (insulin-dependent, IDDM) is characterized by

Answer 52

autoimmune disease destroying the INSULIN PRODUCING BETA CELLS may be triggered by a viral infection

Question 53

Type 2 (Non-insulin-dependent, NIDDM) is characterized by

Answer 53

adult diabetes obesity INSULIN RESISTANCE ABNORMALLY LOW INSULIN IN TISSUE

Question 54

type 1 diabetes is

Answer 54

INSULIN DEPENDENT

Question 55

type 2 diabetes is

Answer 55

NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT

Question 56

HAS A compensatory high β cell mass and function in response to abnormally low tissue sensitivity to insulin, or an insulin resistance

Answer 56

type 2 diabetes

Question 57

has a a continuous loss of β cell mass and function but tissue remains normal sensitivity to insulin (no insulin resistance

Answer 57

type 1 diabetes

Question 58

4 causes of insulin resistance

Answer 58

Obesity/overweight (especially excess visceral adiposity) Excess glucocorticoids (Cushing’s syndrome or steroid therapy) Excess growth hormone (acromegaly) Pregnancy, gestational diabetes