Adrenal gland

Question 1

adrenal glands are

Answer 1

hormone producing organs

Question 2

4 tissue zones of the adrenal glands

Answer 2

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
adrenal medulla

Question 3

what hormone is released in the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 3

mineralcorticoids = aldosterone

Question 4

what hormone is released in the zona fasciculata?

Answer 4

glucocorticoids = cortisol

Question 5

What hormone is released in the zona reticularis?

Answer 5

androgens = dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 6

What hormones are released in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 6

stress hormones = epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 7

the cortical zone of the adrenal galnds secrete

Answer 7

corticocosteroids

Question 8

all corticosteroids are made from

Answer 8

cholesterol

Question 9

t/f The adrenal cortex does not receive neural innervation, and so must be stimulated hormonally (by ACTH secreted from the anterior pituitary)

Answer 9

true

Question 10

the medullary region of the adrenal glands secrete

Answer 10

catecholamines

Question 11

examples of catecholamines

Answer 11

Epinephrine (adrenaline): most abundant

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline, NA): lesser amount

Dopamine: least amount

Question 12

aldosterone regulates

Answer 12

Na+ and K+ balance

Question 13

all catecholamines are made from

Answer 13

tyrosine

Question 14

mechanism of homeostasis by aldosterone

Answer 14

Stimulate the kidneys to retain NaCl and water while excretion K+ in the urine.
increases blood volume and pressure

Question 15

Aldosterone secretion is in response to

Answer 15

reduction in extracellular fluid and Na+ via the renin-angiotensin system
increased renin-angiotensin = increased aldosterone

Question 16

where is located the aldosterone receptor?

Answer 16

in the cytoplasm

Question 17

acute effect of aldosterone action

Answer 17

increased activity of Na and k channels
increased activity of Na and K ATPase

Question 18

chronic effect of aldosterone action

Answer 18

increased expression of Na and K channels
N and K ATPase

Question 19

What stimulates cortisol secretion by the adrenal glands?

Answer 19

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the hypothalamus

Question 20

fxn. of cortisol

Answer 20

Suppress the immune response inhibit inflammation
stimulates glucogenesis
inhibits glucose utilization
promotes lipolysis

Question 21

glucogenesis

Answer 21

promoted by cortisol
production of glucose from amino acids, glycerol and lactic acids

Question 22

The inhibition of glucose utilization by cortisol helps

Answer 22

Raise the blood glucose level; and it promotes lipolysis and the consequent release of free fatty acids into the blood

Question 23

Exogenous glucocorticoids are taken to

Answer 23

suppress the immune response and inhibit inflammation

Question 24

used to treat asthma and rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 24

glucocorticoids

Question 25

side effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 25

hyperglycemia and decreased glucose tolerance decrease synthesis of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins increased bone resorption leading to osteoporosis

Question 26

Glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) are located

Answer 26

in the cytoplasm and are associated with several other proteins, including heat shock proteins, members of the nuclear receptor family

Question 27

t/f G protein coupled receptors can also be receptors for corticisteroids

Answer 27

true

Question 28

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease) can be

Answer 28

ACTH-dependent: most ACTH-independent (adrenal tumor)

Question 29

Primary: most; autoimmune Secondary (atrophy of pituitary)

Answer 29

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s Disease)

Question 30

caused by oversecretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary (could be microadenoma). It can result from a tumor of the adrenal cortex. It can be iatrogenic (hospital related) by corticosteroid over usage. Even “stress” can mimic some signs

Answer 30

Cushing's disease

Question 31

characterized by changes in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and muscular weakening. Metabolic problems give the body a puffy appearance and can cause structural changes characterized as "buffalo hump" and "moon face

Answer 31

cushing's

Question 32

Hyposecretion (inadequate secretion) of corticosteroid hypoglycemia, sodium and potassium imbalance, dehydration, hypotension, rapid weight loss, and generalized weakness. If not treated with corticosteroids, death will occur within a few days because of severe electrolyte imbalance and dehydration.

Answer 32

Addison’s Disease

Question 33

fxns. of adrenal medulla cathecolamines

Answer 33

increase the cardiac output and heart rate Dilate coronary blood vessels increase mental alertness increase the respiratory rate elevate the metabolic rate

Question 34

t/f The effects of these catecholamine hormones are similar to those caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, except that the hormonal effect lasts about ten times shorter.

Answer 34

false, longer

Question 35

t/f The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic sympathetic axons, and secretes its hormones -whenever the sympathetic nervous system is activated during "fight or flight".

Answer 35

true

Question 36

with epinephrine and nor epinephrine, a rise in blood glucose occurs due to

Answer 36

hepatic glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis rise in blood fatty acids due to stimulation of lipolysis