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Biology 30 > Endocrine (Hormone) System > Flashcards

Endocrine (Hormone) System Flashcards

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1
Q

Role of Endocrine System

A

to maintain homeostasis (along with the nervous system)

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

process by which a constant internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment

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3
Q

Endocrine vs Nervous System

A

Nervous system: quick system, adjusting rapidly to changes

Endocrine: slower system, long term control over homeostasis

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4
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals produced in one part of the body by the endocrine system to affect distant cells.

  • act as regulators (speed up/slow down certain processes)
  • cells have receptors for certain hormones only
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5
Q

Non- Target Hormones

A

Affect many cells throughout the body

ex. insulin causes many cells to absorb glucose

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6
Q

Target Hormones

A

Affect specific cells/tissues only

ex. gastrin affects the stomach only

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7
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Activate other endocrine glands to release other hormones.

ex. TSH from the pituitary activates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

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8
Q

Non- Tropic Hormones

A

Stimulate other tissues that are not endocrine.

ex. Epinephrine affects the heart, blood vessels, diaphragm, air-ways, etc.

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9
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

-Made from cholesterol
-Fat soluble
-longer lasting effects
Act from inside the cell by diffusing into the specific cell and can be taken orally by patients (will not be digested by stomach)
ex. thyroxine, testosterone,

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10
Q

Protein Hormones

A

-Composed of proteins, peptides, or amino acid derivatives
-Water soluble
-aka “non-steroidal hormones”
Act from outside the cell, binding to receptor sites which activate enzymes to carry out specific functions
-CANNOT be taken orally
ex. ADH, hGh

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11
Q

Regulation of Hormones

A

Hormones are regulated through NEGATIVE feedback mechanisms.

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12
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis.

  • controls the pituitary gland via nerves and hormones
  • produces releasing hormones (factors)
  • produces ADH and oxytocin
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13
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

DOES NOT MAKE HORMONES

  • made of nervous tissue
  • stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus (ADH and oxytocin)
  • hypothalamus sends these hormones by neurosecretory cells
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14
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

MAKES ITS OWN HORMONES

  • made of glandular tissue
  • makes and stores hormones
  • releases hormones via releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
  • hormones: TSH, ACTH, PRL, hGH, FSH, LH
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15
Q

ADH (hormone)

A

Antidiuretic Hormone= Vasopressin

  • stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys
  • produced by hypothalamus, released by pos. pituitary
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16
Q

Oxytocin (hormone)

A

Stimulates uterine contraction and milk “let down” reflex

-produced by hypothalamus, released by pos. pituitary

17
Q

hGH (hormone)

A

Human Growth Hormone

  • stimulates growth in bones and muscles
  • associated with diet, stress levels, and amount of sleep
  • produced by ant. pituitary
18
Q

TSH (hormone)

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

  • Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine to increase metabolism.
  • produced by ant. pituitary
19
Q

ACTH (hormone)

A

Adrenalcorticotrophic Hormone

-stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone and cortisol

20
Q

Prolactin

A
  • Stimulates the production of breast milk after childbirth

- Produced by ant. pituitary

21
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

  • stimulates ant. pituitary to release FSH and LH
  • produced by hypothalamus, released by pos. pituitary
22
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

  • stimulates ovaries/testes to produce eggs and sperm
  • also stimulates production of estrogen
23
Q

LH (or ICSH in males)

A

Luteinizing Hormone

  • Females: stimulates ovulation and production of corpus luteum which produces progesterone and some estrogen
  • Males: stimulates interstitial cells to produce testerone
24
Q

Blood Sugar

A

The pancreas and adrenal gland affect blood sugar levels.

25
Q

Pancreas

A

Called “dual purpose gland” because it produces hormones and digestive enzymes.
-Islets of Langerhans: special hormone producing cells in the pancreas
Hormones: Somatostatin, Insulin and Glucagon

26
Q

Somatostatin (hormone)

A

Controls rate at which blood absorbs nutrients.

27
Q

Glucagon (hormone)

A

Produced by ALPHA cells

  • increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose
  • released when blood sugar levels are too low
  • released by pancreas
28
Q

Insulin (hormone)

A

Produced by BETA cells

  • decreases blood gluclose levels by increasing uptake of glucose by cells
  • released by pancreas
29
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Found on top of kidneys
Outer= cortex
Inner= medulla
-Prepares the body for stress

30
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A 
Releases epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 
-involved in short-term stress
31
Q

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (hormone)

A

Released by adrenal medulla

  • involved in “fight or flight” response
  • controlled by sympathetic NS
  • increases heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow, blood sugar levels, redirects blood flow to brain and muscles
32
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Function in the body’s long-term stress response.

Releases glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids.

33
Q

Glucocorticoids - Cortisol (hormone)

A

Increases level of amino acids in blood which are converted into glucose to be used as energy, left over amino acids are available for protein synthesis.
-Released by Adrenal Cortex

34
Q

Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone (hormone)

A

Increases absorption of sodium in kidneys which leads to increased absorption of water.
-responds when blood pressure is low
Released by Adrenal cortex

35
Q

Metabolism

A

3 glands that affect metabolism:

  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Anterior Pituitary
36
Q

T3 and T4 (hormone)

A

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

  • iodine containing hormones
  • controls rate that glucose is burned in the body
  • increase metabolism, heat production and regulates growth

released by thyroid gland

37
Q

Calcitonin (hormone)

A

Causes calcium levels to decrease by causing calcium to be deposited into bones.
-triggered when calcium levels are too high

Released by thyroid gland

38
Q

PTH (hormone)

A

Parathyroid Hormone

  • Stimulated by low levels of calcium
  • Increases calcium levels in blood by moving calcium from bone into the blood

Biology 30 (10 decks)

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