Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
most commonly from a pituitary adenoma
Hyperpituitarism
requires loss of ≥75% of the pituitary gland, infarction or pituitary adenoma
Hypopituitarism
adults, increased hands, feet, mandible, macroglossia, lethal cardiomegaly
Acromegaly
children, increased long bone growth
Gigantism
elevated T3 & T4
Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
autoimmune, hyperfunctioning thyroid gland, thyromegaly (goiter), exophthalmoses, pretibial myxedema, insomnia, weight loss, fatigue, rapid/irregular heartbeat, most common among females
Graves’ disease
reduced T3 & T4, reduced basal metabolic rate, weight gain, cold intolerant, psychological depression
Hypothyroidism
hypothyroidism in children, iodine deficiency, short stature, mental retardation, abnormal facial bone development, protruding tongue
Cretinism
adolescents and adults, apathy, mental sluggishness, obese
Myxemia
autoimmune, gaiter, weight gain, older females
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
parathyroid adenoma, most are asymptomatic, postmenopausal females, hypercalcemia, erosion of the bony cortex on the radial side of the middle phalange, salt-and-pepper skull, brown “tumor,” nausea, myalgia, mental confusion, “painful bones, renal stones, and psychic moans”
Hyperparathyroidism
both forms damage the kidneys, peripheral nerves, retina, vessel walls (gangrene, hypertension, atherosclerosis), myocardium
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
autoimmune disease, destruction of pancreatic cells (islet beta cells) by T cells, inability to produce insulin (absolute insulin deficiency), requires insulin injections, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss. Previously, Type I DM was termed “juvenile onset diabetes” and commonly develops in late childhood/adolescence.
Type I DM
insulin resistance (relative insulin deficiency), strongly associated with obesity, requires weight loss (diet and exercise), associated with diabetic neuropathy (ulcerations, gangrene), immunosuppression, and reduced healing. Commonly develops among those age 40-60 years
Type II DM
(not a pancreatic disorder) results from either a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production by the pituitary gland or an insensitivity of the kidney to ADH: polydipsia (excessive thirst) is main feature, polyuria, no excessive glucose in urine
Diabetes insipidus