Cardiovascular Diseases

Question 1

atheromas (plaques) cause hardening of arteries, greatest impact on large muscular arteries, narrows lumen, increases thrombosis, commonly follows damage to endothelium (HTN)

Answer 1

Atherosclerosis

Question 2

95% are “essential hypertension” (idiopathic), familial history

Answer 2

HTN

Question 3

Congenital heart disease, hole between the left and right ventricles, most common congenital heart defect

Answer 3

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Question 4

Congenital heart disease,hole between the left and right atria, patent foramen ovale

Answer 4

Atrial septal defect

Question 5

Congenital heart disease, most common cause of cyanosis at birth, large VSD, aorta is overriding the VSD, right ventricular outflow obstruction, right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 5

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 6

Congenital heart disease, narrowing of the aortic arch, upper extremity HTN, lower extremity claudication (vascular), cyanosis, weak pulses

Answer 6

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 7

reversal of the aorta and pulmonary artery, cyanosis

Answer 7

Transposition of the great vessels

Question 8

result of dysfunctional systole (contraction) , diastole (relaxation), or valvular dysfunction (stenosis, prolapse), most common cause of pleural effusion (transudate, no inflammation)

Answer 8

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Question 9

most common on left ventricle, concentric hypertrophy is pathologic

Answer 9

Ventricular hypertrophy

Question 10

most common, dilation of all chambers, alcohol, genetics, heart failure

Answer 10

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 11

contractile gene mutations, muscle is hypercontractile, diastolic dysfunction, may cause sudden cardiac death via lethal arrhythmia

Answer 11

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 12

rare, stiff myocardium, amyloidosis (elderly), nutritional deficiency or helminth infection

Answer 12

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 13

heart attack, death of cardiac myocytes (infarction) due to ischemia, dyspnea, neck, jaw, or left arm pain, females present with mild M.I. symptoms in stomach

Answer 13

Myocardial infarction (M.I.)

Question 14

sharp, substernal chest pain, reported as “crushing” or “pressure,” worse with activity, at least 70% of coronary artery occlusion, associated with acute thrombosis of a coronary artery or vasospasm, not an M.I.

Answer 14

Angina

Question 15

angina that is becoming more intense and more frequent (pre-M.I.)

Answer 15

Unstable angina

Question 16

pericardial sac becomes inflamed, fibrinoid necrosis, may follow M.I. or viral infection

Answer 16

Pericarditis

Question 17

right-sided heart failure resulting from pulmonary pathology (pulmonary HTN or pulmonary interstitial fibrosis)

Answer 17

Core pulmonale

Question 18

vasoconstriction of hands, pallor, cyanosis (red, white, blue), benign, may be secondary to atherosclerosis

Answer 18

Raynaud phenomenon

Question 19

(AKA Giant cell arteritis): most common vasculitis in elderly, temporal region, idiopathic, vision loss, headache, fever

Answer 19

Temporal arteritis

Question 20

idiopathic, inflammation of small arteries (renal, heart), avoids pulmonary vessels, fatal if untreated

Answer 20

Polyarteritis nodosa

Question 21

idiopathic, most common vasculitis among children, attacks coronary arteries (heart attack in children), strawberry tongue, rare

Answer 21

Kawasaki disease

Question 22

(AKA Buerger disease), inflammation of medium-size arteries of hands and feet, strong association with cigarette smoking, may cause ulcerations and gangrene that require amputation

Answer 22

Thromboangiitis obliterans