Endocrine Control of Metabolism (Pathophys)

Question 1

How long is free glucose available for

Answer 1

One hour

Question 2

How long is free glycogen available

Answer 2

1/2 days available

Question 3

What tissues can only use glucose as fuel

Answer 3

Nerves, RBC, WBC, Renal tubules

Question 4

How much glucose per day do nerves need

Answer 4

150 gm

Question 5

Main metabolic objectives during and right after meal

Answer 5

Fill glycogen stores
Don’t pee out glucose
Utilize carbs and fats for energy
Package the excess

Question 6

Main metabolic objectives in between meals

Answer 6

Keep glucose constant for CNS
Keep some glycogen reserve
Burn fat for energy and utilize separable proteins

Question 7

What will muscle tissue do in presence of increased FA concentration

Answer 7

Body will use that instead of glucose

Question 8

What organ responds to liver better than any other tissue

Answer 8

Liver

Question 9

Main goal of metabolism b/w meals

Answer 9

Keep glucose constant for CNS

Question 10

Short acting hormones*

Answer 10

Insulin, Glucagon, Epi, Norepi

Question 11

Long acting hormones*

Answer 11

GH, TH, Glucocorticoids

Question 12

Glucose level during 5 days of fasting

Answer 12

Stays at levels needed to supply nervous tissue

Question 13

Insulin levels during 5 days of fasting

Answer 13

Drops but never hits 0

Question 14

Glucagon level during 5 days of fasting

Answer 14

50% increase after a couple days fasting

Question 15

Cortisol level during 5 days of fasting

Answer 15

Follows normal morning secretions

Question 16

T3 levels during 5 days of fasting

Answer 16

50% drop in t3 during 5 days of fasting

Question 17

How much does insulin increase after a meal

Answer 17

5x

Question 18

Major lipolytic hormones**, what to they stimulate?

Answer 18

Epi and Norepi

Stimulates hormone-sensitive lipase

Question 19

Insulin action in muscle and adipose tissue

Answer 19

Stimulates glucose consumption

Question 20

Insulin action in liver

Answer 20

Inhibits glucose production

Question 21

Hormones that all act in manner opposite to insulin

Answer 21

Epi, Glucagon, Glucocorticoids all act together to increase blood sugar

Question 22

Epi vs GH for lipolysis

Answer 22

Epi acts much quicker and is much more potent

Question 23

How do glucorticoids promote gluconeogenesis in liver

Answer 23

By complimentary mechanisms: induces key gluconeogenic and amino acid metabolizing enzymes in the liver
Also increases hepatic response to glucagon

Question 24

How do glucocorticoids increase blood glucose in peripheral tissue

Answer 24

Increase AA release from muscle*

Increased glycerol release from adipose tissue

Question 25

First thing that occurs in protection from severe hypoglycemia**

Answer 25

When given endogenous insulin, pt's own insulin will shut off

Question 26

What happens when a pt's blood sugar hits 70**

Answer 26

Glucagon and epi levels increase to bring up blood sugar

Question 27

Critical blood sugar level for counter regulatory mechanisms

Answer 27

70*