Endocrine control of metabolism

Question 1

Overview of energy metabolism

Answer 1

Fatty acids, Amino acids, glucose, lactate, ketone bodies eventually become Acetyl CoA in the Citric acid cycle. the products of the TCA cycle are used for the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

Question 2

What are fatty acids stored as?

Answer 2

Triglycerides

Question 3

What is glucose stored as?

Answer 3

Glycogen

Question 4

What are amino acids stored as?

Answer 4

Body proteins

Question 5

What is the result of hypoglycemia?

Answer 5

Coma and then death

Question 6

What is the brain dependent on?

Answer 6

Glucose metabolism

Question 7

What is the result of hyperglycemia?

Answer 7

Protein damage via non-enzymatic glycation

Question 8

The sources of glucose?

Answer 8

Diet and organs that can export glucose into the circulation

Question 9

What stops plasma glucose concentration from surging?

Answer 9

Hormones regulate the integration of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism to maintain constant

Question 10

What are the 2 phases of metabolism

Answer 10

Storage of nutrients in the absorption phase

Release of nutrients in the fasting phase

Question 11

What does insulin promote?

Answer 11

Storage decreases plasma glucose

Question 12

What does glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol promote?

Answer 12

Nutrient release, raise plasma glucose

Question 13

Main effects of insulin

Answer 13

• Uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle, adipose, and other tissues
• Glycogen synthesis in the liver, skeletal muscle
• Uptake of FA and amino acids
• Inhibits release of glucose from the liver
• inhibits fat and protein breakdown

Question 14

Glucagon

Answer 14

Principle affects in the liver: stimulates hepatic glucose production

Question 15

Adrenaline

Answer 15

Stimulates hepatic glucose production

Stimulates lipolysis: the release of FA from adipose tissue stores

Question 16

Cortisol

Answer 16

Stimulates hepatic: glucose production

Stimulates proteolysis: the release of amino acids from body proteins (skeletal muscle)

Question 17

Glycogensis

Answer 17

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Question 18

Lipogenesis

Answer 18

Synthesis of FA from acetyl CoA

Question 19

Triglyceride synthesis

Answer 19

Esterification of FA for storage as TG

Question 20

Glycogenolysis

Answer 20

Release of glucose from glycogen stores

Question 21

Gluconeogensis

Answer 21

De novo synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates

Question 22

Lipolysis

Answer 22

Release of FA from TG breakdown

Question 23

Beta oxidation

Answer 23

FA to acetyl CoA

Question 24

Ketogenesis

Answer 24

Production of ketone bodies from Acetyl CoA

Question 25

What is the short term defense against hypoglycemia?

Answer 25

Glucagon Adrenaline Sympathetic NS

Question 26

What is the medium-term defense against hypoglycemia?

Answer 26

Ketogenesis

Question 27

What is the long term defense against hypoglycemia?

Answer 27

Cortisol stimulates proteolysis to supply amino acid substrates for gluconeogenesis

Question 28

Defenses against hyperglycemia

Answer 28

INSULIN STOPS GLUCOSE INTAKE INHIBITS HEPATIC GLUCOSE PRODUCTION

Question 29

Liver

Answer 29

Glycogenesis, Glycolysis, lipogenesis

Question 30

Adipose tissue

Answer 30

Insulin stimulates Glucose uptake, Free fatty acid uptake, lipogenesis

Question 31

Muscle

Answer 31

insulin stimulates: Glucose uptake Amino acid uptake Glycogenesis