An introduction to the endocrine system Flashcards
What are the major endocrine glands?
Hypothalamus pituitary gland Thyroid, Adrenal cortex, gonads Pancreas Parathyroid glands
What does the hypothalamus release?
Releasing & inhibiting hormones
What does the pituitary gland release?
Anterior lobe- trophic hormones
Posterior lobe- oxytocin & vasopressin (ADH)
What does the thyroid gland release?
Thyroxine, tri-iodothroninr
What does the Adrenal release?
Cortex: Cortisol, aldosterone
Medulla: Adrenaline/nora adrenaline
What do the Gonads release?
Oestrogen, androgens, progestagens
What does the pancreas release?
Insulin, glucagon
What does the parathyroid gland release?
Parathyroid hormone
What does the Kidney release?
Vit D, EPO
What does the Pineal gland release?
Melatonin
What does the Thymus release?
Thymic hormones
What does the bone release?
Phosphate
What does adipose tissue release?
Leptin
What does Endocrine mean?
Hormones released by an endocrine cell into the general circulation and acting on a distant target sites
What does Paracrine mean?
Hormones released by an endocrine cell which act locally on adjacent cells
What does Autocrine mean?
Hormones released by a cell which act back on the same cell
What does Intracrine mean?
Conversion of an inactive hormone to an active hormone that acts within that cell
What hormones are needed for reproduction, growth, and development?
Sex steroids, thyroid hormone, prolactin, growth hormone.
What hormones are needed for maintaining the internal environment?
Aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, vit D
What hormones are needed for energy production, utilization, and storage?
Insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, cortisol, growth hormone
What is the precursor for all steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
What is the half-life of proteins and peptides?
Minutes and they are mainly unbound
What is the half-life tyrosine derivatives, thyroid hormones?
Seconds or,
Hours (thyroid hormones) - thyroid hormones bound to plasma proteins.
What glands are controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
Thyroid (TSH)
Adrenal cortex (ACTH)
Gonads (LH/FSH)
