Beyond the classic endocrine glands

Question 1

How do adipocytes store energy?

Answer 1

As Triglycerides and release energy as free fatty acids?

Question 2

What is LPL mean?

Answer 2

Lipoprotein lipase

Question 3

What is HSL?

Answer 3

Hormone-sensitive lipase

Question 4

What happens when the body needs energy?

Answer 4

The TG is hydrolyzed

Question 5

What are the hormones associated with fat?

Answer 5

Leptin,
Adiponectin
Resistin,
Cytokines
Oestrogens
Androgens

Question 6

What is obesity associated with?

Answer 6

Leptin resistance

Question 7

What are leptin levels like in obesity?

Answer 7

high

Question 8

What happens when they’re mutations in the Leptin gene?

Answer 8

Abnormal eating habits and rapid onset of morbid obesity. However, LEP mutations are rare so leptin treatments are rarely affective

Question 9

Obesity is regarded as…

Answer 9

A state of chronic, low-level inflammation

Question 10

In healthy adipose tissue-

Answer 10

Leptin signals satiety to the brain
Adiponectin increase insulin sensitivity
Resistin levels low

Question 11

In obesity -

Answer 11

Leptin secretion high bt resistance to leptin
Adiponectin secretion low
Insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome

Question 12

General disorder of energy metabolism is associated with

Answer 12

Obesity (especially visceral)
Hypertension
Hyperglycaemia (prediabetes)
High serum triglycerides (but low HDL)
Insulin resistance

Question 13

What are the major activities of Gastrin?

Answer 13

Stimulates gastric acid secretion and proliferation of gastric acid
Stimulated by the presence of peptides and amino acids in the gastric lumen

Question 14

What are the major activities of Cholecystokinin?

Answer 14

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes, and contraction and emptying of the gall bladder.

Stimulated by presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine

Question 15

What are the major activities of Secretin?

Answer 15

Stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas and bile ducts

Stimulated by acidic pH in the lumen of the small intestine

Question 16

What are the major activities of Ghrelin?

Answer 16

Strong stimulant for appetite; also a potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion

Question 17

What are the major activities of Gastric inhibitory polypeptide?

Answer 17

Inhibits gastric secretion and motility and potentiates the release of insulin from beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose concentration

Stimulated by the presence of fat and glucose in the small intestine

Question 18

What is the largest endocrine gland in the body?

Answer 18

The gastroenteropancreatic tract is the largest endocrine gland in the body.

Question 19

What are the major activities of GLP-1?

Answer 19

Potentiates insulin secretion in response to rising plasma glucose; reduces appetite

Stimulated by the presence of glucose and other nutrients in the small intestine

Question 20

What happens in the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 20

The biological clock is driven by it

Question 21

Non-classic endocrine organs?

Answer 21

Heart
Kidney
Bone
Tumours 
Pineal gland

Question 22

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 22

Just above optic chiasm

Question 23

Synthesis of melatonin

Answer 23

L-tryptophan - serotonin - melatonin