Endocrine Chapter 18 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of the Endocrine System?
A
Maintain homeostasis
2
Q
True or False: The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system?
A
True
3
Q
True or False: The Endocrine system is not known as the regulator?
A
False, the endocrine system is known as the regulator.
4
Q
What are the 10 organs involved in the endocrine system?
A
Hypothalamus Anterior and posterior pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Pancreas Pineal gland Adrenal gland (Cortex and medulla) Ovaries Testes
5
Q
What are hormones?
A
They are produced or released by the endocrine glands or tissues and target certain cells of your organs that help with cell activity. They are also chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream. They target most cells in the body.
6
Q
True or False: hormones do not alter activity (metabolism) of a target cell?
A
True
7
Q
True or False: hormones alter plasm membrane permeability or voltage?
A
True, helps with allowing things in and out.
8
Q
True or False: hormones stimulate production of proteins and enzymes
A
True
9
Q
True or False: Hormones activate or deactivate enzymes?
A
True
10
Q
True or False: Hormones do not stimulate mitosis?
A
False, when they alter the activity, they stimulate mitosis aka cell division.
11
Q
True or False: hormones do not induce secretory activity?
A
False, hormones can induce sweat activity.
12
Q
True or False: Hormones release and or produce by the endocrine glands that regulate the cells activity?
A
True
13
Q
True or False: hormones are not chemical messengers?
A
False
14
Q
True or False: hormones do not secrete into the interstitial fluid (travel through the bloodstream)?
A
False
15
Q
True or False: target most cells in the body?
A
True
16
Q
What is the purpose of the hypothalamus?
A
It is the controller of the pituitary gland.
17
Q
What is the location of the hypothalamus?
A
Posterior of the thalamus and anterior to the pituitary gland
18
Q
True or False: the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones?
A
True
19
Q
True or False: the hypothalamus is not a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
A
False
20
Q
True or False: the pituitary gland is known as hypophysis?
A
True
21
Q
What is the location of the pituitary gland?
A
Posterior to the hypothalamus.
22
Q
True or False: the pituitary gland is divided into two sections?
A
True, posterior neurophypohsis and anterior adenohypophysis?
23
Q
What are the two sections the pituitary gland is divided by?
A
Neurophypophysis which is posterior and the adenohypophysis which is anterior.
24
Q
What does the infundibulum do?
A
Pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
25
True or False: Adenohypophysis is the true endocrine because it can synthesize?
True, anything that is neruo can not synthesize.
26
True or False: the neurohypophysis is known as not true endocrine because it can only release?
True
27
How does the adenohypophysis send hormones?
Hormones are sent via blood forming hypophyseal portal system.
28
Who controls your adenohypophysis aka antierior pituatary?
The hypothalamus
29
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary hormones?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Prolactin, Growth Hormone (GH), and the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth)
30
What are the target cells of the follicle stimulating hormone?
Ovaries and testes
31
What is the action of the follicle-stimulating hormone?
Stimulate egg development and stimulate sperm production.
32
What is the target of luteinizing hormone?
ovaries, testes peak at the mid menstual cycle.
33
What is the action of luteinizing hormone?
stimulate egg release and corpus lutetium to release progesterone
stimulate interstitial testicular cells to release testosterone.
34
What is the target of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland
35
What is the action of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulate thyroid growth and hormone secretion (metabolism)
36
What is the target of the adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Adrenal cortex, pancreas (insulin release)
37
What is the action of the adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Regulate stress response stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (glucose, fat, and protein metabolism)
38
What is the target of prolactin?
Mammary glands and testes
39
What is the action of prolactin?
Stimulate milk synthesis after birth and sensitizes testes to testosterone (permissive)
40
What is the target of Growth hormone ?
Many esp. liver and secreted manly at night
41
What is the action of the growth hormone?
Stimulate hyperplasia and hypertrophy of tissues. Increase fatty acid metabolism, decrease muscle uptake of glucose
42
True or False: The Neurophypohysis AKA the posterior pituitary is not a true gland?
True
43
True or False: Axons do not form from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?
False, they do
44
True or False: Hormones are sent via hypothalamohypophyseal tract?
True
45
What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
46
What does the ADH hormone do?
Causes vasoconstriction at very high levels.
Helps increase blood water concentration.
Target collecting ducts in the kidney and sweat glands and minimize water loss.
47
What does oxytocin do?
Stimulate uterine contractions (go into labor) and stimulate milk secretion after birth.
48
What is Hyposecreation in juveniles?
causes dwarfism
49
What is hypersecretion in juveniles?
Causes gigantism
50
What is hypersecretion in adults?
Causes acromegaly
51
What is hyposecretion in adults?
Causes diabetes inspipidus
| increased urine output and dehydration can occur.
52
True or False: the pineal gland is part of the epithalamus?
True
53
Where is the pineal gland located?
The roof of the 3rd ventricle of the epithalamus.
54
What does the pineal gland produce?
Serotonin
55
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
56
What is the purpose of the pineal gland?
Sleep and possibly sexual maturation control.
57
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Inferior larynx and anterior to the trachea
58
What is the thyroid gland composed of?
Butterfly shaped- thyroid follicles and c cells.
59
What do the thyroid follicles secrete?
T3 and T4
60
What is the purpose of the T3 and T4?
Increases BMR, heart rate, and contractions. Can also help accelerate growth
61
What do C Cells produce?
Calcitonin decreases calcium in the blood stimulate osteoclasts.
62
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
On the thyroid gland (posterior)
63
What is the parathyroid gland composed of?
Chief cells
64
What does the Parathyroid hormone do?
Increase calcium in the blood.
Stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts, increase blood calcium.
65
True or False: When PTH is released from your parathyroid, then calcitonin will be inhibited?
True,
66
True or False: If we have low blood calcium, you want to increase it, you will release the PTH,Then you release PTH, osteoclast breaks down bone, there is an increase of blood calcium, and now you have the opposite happening and you have too high blood calcium, receptors then go to the thyroid gland, Calcitonin is then activated, osteoblasts then is activated which helps to build bone, then this helps to decrease the blood calcium.
True
67
What is Hypoparathyroidism?
Decrease calcium levels. Decreased PTH
68
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Increased PTH and your bones become hard.
69
Where is the adrenal gland located?
Superior to the kidney.
70
What are the two sections of the adrenal gland?
Cortex which is the outside and the medulla which is the inside.
71
What are Adrenocortical hormones?
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens
72
What does the Mineral corticoids do?
Regulate Na/K concentrations. Dealing with your ion concentration.
73
What does the glucocorticoids do?
Glucose metabolism (gluconegenesis) and resist stress.
74
What does the Androgens do?
Sex hormones
75
What do the Adrenomedulla hormones do?
innervate in the fight or flight
76
What does the adrenomedullin secrete?
Catecholamines Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
77
What is the purpose of the Adrenomedulla?
Prolong sympathetic response
78
What is Cushing's syndrome
Caused by a tumor or high levels of cortisol
79
What is Addison's Disease?
Hyposecreation of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids.
Symptoms of hypoglycemia, hypotension.
80
True or False: The pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine?
True
81
Where is the pancreas located?
Posterior and inferior to the stomach
82
What is the pancreas composed of?
Islets of langerhans
83
What are the 4 types of cells for the islet of langerhans?
Alpha, Beta, Delta, and F cells
84
What do Alpha cells do?
Secretes glucagon- increases blood pressure.
85
What do Beta cells do?
Secretes insulin- lower blood glucose
86
What do delta cells do?
Secretes somatostatin-inhibit insulin and glucagon.
87
What is Hyperinsulinism
Too much insulin
Causes by a tumor or over injection
88
What is Diabetes mellitus?
Hyposecreation or inaction of insulin
89
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Insulin dependent
| Autoimmune of beta cells
90
What is type 2 Diabetes?
Non insulin dependent
Insulin resistance
heredity, age, diet, obesity.
91
What do the Ovary hormones produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
92
What is the purpose of ovary hormones?
Regulate menstrual cycle
maintain pregnancy
sexual characteristics
93
What do the testes hormones produce?
Testosterone and androgen
94
What are the characteristics of the Nervous system?
```
Neurotransmitter
Via neuron
local
fast
brief
```
95
What are the characteristics of the endocrine system?
```
Hormone
via blood
distant
fast and delayed
long lasting
```
96
What are the characteristics of Lipid hormones?
Hydrophobic
| Transported into the cell via transport protein
97
What are the characteristics of Water hormones?
Hydrophilic
cannot enter the cell
must use a second messenger
98
What is the mechanism of lipid-soluble hormones?
Use of transport proteins
diffuse into cell
bind to receptors on the inside of the cell
alter gene expression
depending on expression proteins can be made.
99
What are the mechanisms of water soluble hormones?
Hormone binds to receptor on the outside of the cell
activates G protein which then activates adenylate cyclase
ATP converts into cAMP
can activate or deactivate Kinases.
(Cant get into the cell, needs a receptor, needs second messenger which is cAMP
100
Where are the receptors to respond to a specific hormone?
On everything within the cell
101
How are hormones regulated?
Signaling
Change in chemical
Amount of hormones
Other hormones
102
What is Up regulation
Increase your response. Those receptors are going to say come on and increase your response.
More receptors,
greater sensitivity
increased response
103
What is Down regulation
You want to lessen the response
Fewer receptors
Response to high concentrations
decrease response
104
How do hormones interact with each other?
Synergistic effects
Permissive Effects
Antagonist effects
105
What are synergistic effects?
Greater than the sum Work together
| Effect increase with 2 hormones interact together
106
What are Permissive Effects?
Hormone enhances target response to the second hormone.
I am allowing you to do this because I was the first one.
107
What are Antagonist Effects?
Opposing actions (less than the sum)
108
What are the types of hormones?
Lipid-soluble - go into cell
| Water-soluble - cant go in uses a second messenger
109
What the Lipid hormones?
Steroids and Thyroid Hormone
110
Where are steroids derived from?
Cholesterol
111
What are the types of steroids?
Sex steroids and corticosteroids
112
What are the water (amines) Hormones?
Catecholamines
Histamine
serotonin and melatonin
113
What is the stress response?
General Adaption Syndrome
1. Alarm reaction
2. Resistance reaction
3. exhaustion
114
Explain the alarm reaction.
Short lived fight or flight
initiated by the hypothalamus
ME from sympathetic/ E from adrenals
115
Explain Resistance reaction
longer lasting
| Cortisol released adrenal cortical area
116
Explain Exhaustion
Fat reserves exhausted, rely on protein
| lead to infection, heart kidney failure, and death.
