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Biology 202 > Endocrine Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Endocrine Chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the Endocrine System?

A

Maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

True or False: The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system?

A

True

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3
Q

True or False: The Endocrine system is not known as the regulator?

A

False, the endocrine system is known as the regulator.

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4
Q

What are the 10 organs involved in the endocrine system?

A 
Hypothalamus
Anterior and posterior pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Adrenal gland (Cortex and medulla)
Ovaries
Testes
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5
Q

What are hormones?

A

They are produced or released by the endocrine glands or tissues and target certain cells of your organs that help with cell activity. They are also chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream. They target most cells in the body.

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6
Q

True or False: hormones do not alter activity (metabolism) of a target cell?

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: hormones alter plasm membrane permeability or voltage?

A

True, helps with allowing things in and out.

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8
Q

True or False: hormones stimulate production of proteins and enzymes

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: Hormones activate or deactivate enzymes?

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: Hormones do not stimulate mitosis?

A

False, when they alter the activity, they stimulate mitosis aka cell division.

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11
Q

True or False: hormones do not induce secretory activity?

A

False, hormones can induce sweat activity.

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12
Q

True or False: Hormones release and or produce by the endocrine glands that regulate the cells activity?

A

True

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13
Q

True or False: hormones are not chemical messengers?

A

False

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14
Q

True or False: hormones do not secrete into the interstitial fluid (travel through the bloodstream)?

A

False

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15
Q

True or False: target most cells in the body?

A

True

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the hypothalamus?

A

It is the controller of the pituitary gland.

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17
Q

What is the location of the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior of the thalamus and anterior to the pituitary gland

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18
Q

True or False: the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

True

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19
Q

True or False: the hypothalamus is not a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

False

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20
Q

True or False: the pituitary gland is known as hypophysis?

A

True

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21
Q

What is the location of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior to the hypothalamus.

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22
Q

True or False: the pituitary gland is divided into two sections?

A

True, posterior neurophypohsis and anterior adenohypophysis?

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23
Q

What are the two sections the pituitary gland is divided by?

A

Neurophypophysis which is posterior and the adenohypophysis which is anterior.

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24
Q

What does the infundibulum do?

A

Pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.

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25
Q

True or False: Adenohypophysis is the true endocrine because it can synthesize?

A

True, anything that is neruo can not synthesize.

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26
Q

True or False: the neurohypophysis is known as not true endocrine because it can only release?

A

True

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27
Q

How does the adenohypophysis send hormones?

A

Hormones are sent via blood forming hypophyseal portal system.

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28
Q

Who controls your adenohypophysis aka antierior pituatary?

A

The hypothalamus

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29
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Prolactin, Growth Hormone (GH), and the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth)

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30
Q

What are the target cells of the follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Ovaries and testes

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31
Q

What is the action of the follicle-stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulate egg development and stimulate sperm production.

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32
Q

What is the target of luteinizing hormone?

A

ovaries, testes peak at the mid menstual cycle.

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33
Q

What is the action of luteinizing hormone?

A

stimulate egg release and corpus lutetium to release progesterone

stimulate interstitial testicular cells to release testosterone.

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34
Q

What is the target of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Thyroid gland

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35
Q

What is the action of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulate thyroid growth and hormone secretion (metabolism)

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36
Q

What is the target of the adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Adrenal cortex, pancreas (insulin release)

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37
Q

What is the action of the adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Regulate stress response stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (glucose, fat, and protein metabolism)

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38
Q

What is the target of prolactin?

A

Mammary glands and testes

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39
Q

What is the action of prolactin?

A

Stimulate milk synthesis after birth and sensitizes testes to testosterone (permissive)

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40
Q

What is the target of Growth hormone ?

A

Many esp. liver and secreted manly at night

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41
Q

What is the action of the growth hormone?

A

Stimulate hyperplasia and hypertrophy of tissues. Increase fatty acid metabolism, decrease muscle uptake of glucose

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42
Q

True or False: The Neurophypohysis AKA the posterior pituitary is not a true gland?

A

True

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43
Q

True or False: Axons do not form from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

False, they do

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44
Q

True or False: Hormones are sent via hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

A

True

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45
Q

What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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46
Q

What does the ADH hormone do?

A

Causes vasoconstriction at very high levels.

Helps increase blood water concentration.

Target collecting ducts in the kidney and sweat glands and minimize water loss.

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47
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulate uterine contractions (go into labor) and stimulate milk secretion after birth.

48
Q

What is Hyposecreation in juveniles?

A

causes dwarfism

49
Q

What is hypersecretion in juveniles?

A

Causes gigantism

50
Q

What is hypersecretion in adults?

A

Causes acromegaly

51
Q

What is hyposecretion in adults?

A

Causes diabetes inspipidus

increased urine output and dehydration can occur.

52
Q

True or False: the pineal gland is part of the epithalamus?

A

True

53
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

The roof of the 3rd ventricle of the epithalamus.

54
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Serotonin

55
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

56
Q

What is the purpose of the pineal gland?

A

Sleep and possibly sexual maturation control.

57
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Inferior larynx and anterior to the trachea

58
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

Butterfly shaped- thyroid follicles and c cells.

59
Q

What do the thyroid follicles secrete?

A

T3 and T4

60
Q

What is the purpose of the T3 and T4?

A

Increases BMR, heart rate, and contractions. Can also help accelerate growth

61
Q

What do C Cells produce?

A

Calcitonin decreases calcium in the blood stimulate osteoclasts.

62
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

On the thyroid gland (posterior)

63
Q

What is the parathyroid gland composed of?

A

Chief cells

64
Q

What does the Parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increase calcium in the blood.

Stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts, increase blood calcium.

65
Q

True or False: When PTH is released from your parathyroid, then calcitonin will be inhibited?

A

True,

66
Q

True or False: If we have low blood calcium, you want to increase it, you will release the PTH,Then you release PTH, osteoclast breaks down bone, there is an increase of blood calcium, and now you have the opposite happening and you have too high blood calcium, receptors then go to the thyroid gland, Calcitonin is then activated, osteoblasts then is activated which helps to build bone, then this helps to decrease the blood calcium.

A

True

67
Q

What is Hypoparathyroidism?

A

Decrease calcium levels. Decreased PTH

68
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Increased PTH and your bones become hard.

69
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

Superior to the kidney.

70
Q

What are the two sections of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex which is the outside and the medulla which is the inside.

71
Q

What are Adrenocortical hormones?

A

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens

72
Q

What does the Mineral corticoids do?

A

Regulate Na/K concentrations. Dealing with your ion concentration.

73
Q

What does the glucocorticoids do?

A

Glucose metabolism (gluconegenesis) and resist stress.

74
Q

What does the Androgens do?

A

Sex hormones

75
Q

What do the Adrenomedulla hormones do?

A

innervate in the fight or flight

76
Q

What does the adrenomedullin secrete?

A

Catecholamines Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

77
Q

What is the purpose of the Adrenomedulla?

A

Prolong sympathetic response

78
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome

A

Caused by a tumor or high levels of cortisol

79
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Hyposecreation of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids.

Symptoms of hypoglycemia, hypotension.

80
Q

True or False: The pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine?

A

True

81
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Posterior and inferior to the stomach

82
Q

What is the pancreas composed of?

A

Islets of langerhans

83
Q

What are the 4 types of cells for the islet of langerhans?

A

Alpha, Beta, Delta, and F cells

84
Q

What do Alpha cells do?

A

Secretes glucagon- increases blood pressure.

85
Q

What do Beta cells do?

A

Secretes insulin- lower blood glucose

86
Q

What do delta cells do?

A

Secretes somatostatin-inhibit insulin and glucagon.

87
Q

What is Hyperinsulinism

A

Too much insulin

Causes by a tumor or over injection

88
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus?

A

Hyposecreation or inaction of insulin

89
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin dependent

Autoimmune of beta cells

90
Q

What is type 2 Diabetes?

A

Non insulin dependent
Insulin resistance
heredity, age, diet, obesity.

91
Q

What do the Ovary hormones produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

92
Q

What is the purpose of ovary hormones?

A

Regulate menstrual cycle
maintain pregnancy
sexual characteristics

93
Q

What do the testes hormones produce?

A

Testosterone and androgen

94
Q

What are the characteristics of the Nervous system?

A 
Neurotransmitter
Via neuron
local
fast
brief
95
Q

What are the characteristics of the endocrine system?

A 
Hormone
via blood
distant
fast and delayed
long lasting
96
Q

What are the characteristics of Lipid hormones?

A

Hydrophobic

Transported into the cell via transport protein

97
Q

What are the characteristics of Water hormones?

A

Hydrophilic
cannot enter the cell
must use a second messenger

98
Q

What is the mechanism of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

Use of transport proteins
diffuse into cell
bind to receptors on the inside of the cell
alter gene expression
depending on expression proteins can be made.

99
Q

What are the mechanisms of water soluble hormones?

A

Hormone binds to receptor on the outside of the cell
activates G protein which then activates adenylate cyclase
ATP converts into cAMP
can activate or deactivate Kinases.

(Cant get into the cell, needs a receptor, needs second messenger which is cAMP

100
Q

Where are the receptors to respond to a specific hormone?

A

On everything within the cell

101
Q

How are hormones regulated?

A

Signaling
Change in chemical
Amount of hormones
Other hormones

102
Q

What is Up regulation

A

Increase your response. Those receptors are going to say come on and increase your response.

More receptors,
greater sensitivity
increased response

103
Q

What is Down regulation

A

You want to lessen the response

Fewer receptors
Response to high concentrations
decrease response

104
Q

How do hormones interact with each other?

A

Synergistic effects
Permissive Effects
Antagonist effects

105
Q

What are synergistic effects?

A

Greater than the sum Work together

Effect increase with 2 hormones interact together

106
Q

What are Permissive Effects?

A

Hormone enhances target response to the second hormone.

I am allowing you to do this because I was the first one.

107
Q

What are Antagonist Effects?

A

Opposing actions (less than the sum)

108
Q

What are the types of hormones?

A

Lipid-soluble - go into cell

Water-soluble - cant go in uses a second messenger

109
Q

What the Lipid hormones?

A

Steroids and Thyroid Hormone

110
Q

Where are steroids derived from?

A

Cholesterol

111
Q

What are the types of steroids?

A

Sex steroids and corticosteroids

112
Q

What are the water (amines) Hormones?

A

Catecholamines
Histamine
serotonin and melatonin

113
Q

What is the stress response?

A

General Adaption Syndrome

  1. Alarm reaction
  2. Resistance reaction
  3. exhaustion
114
Q

Explain the alarm reaction.

A

Short lived fight or flight
initiated by the hypothalamus
ME from sympathetic/ E from adrenals

115
Q

Explain Resistance reaction

A

longer lasting

Cortisol released adrenal cortical area

116
Q

Explain Exhaustion

A

Fat reserves exhausted, rely on protein

lead to infection, heart kidney failure, and death.

Biology 202 (5 decks)

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