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RUSVM Physiology 2 > Endocrine- Bergfelt > Flashcards

Endocrine- Bergfelt Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Collection of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system that target distant organs

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

ductless glands of the endocrine system that secret heir products, hormones, directly into teh cirulatory system

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3
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland

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4
Q

Hormone signaling

A

hormone-receptor interactions

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5
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

glands not of the endocrine system that secret their product through a duct or canal

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6
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

salivary, sweat, mammary glands

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7
Q

What are the two major systems involved in homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine system

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8
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

on either side of the trachea, below the larynx

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9
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

external and internal to the surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland in cats and dogs

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10
Q

What is the function of thyroid follicles?

A

epithelial cells that produce thyroid hormones

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11
Q

What is colloid?

A

intracellular fluid rich in thyroglobulin

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12
Q

Where are parafollicular cells located?

A

between thryoid follicles

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13
Q

What do parafollicular cells secrete?

A

produce calcitonin

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14
Q

What do cheif cells produce?

A

parathyroid hormone

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15
Q

What are the two main precursor substances to thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

Iodide and thyroglobulin (tyrosine aa)- from colloid

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16
Q

What is the most bioactive form of thyroid hormone?

A

T3

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17
Q

What is the most abundant form of thyroid hormone?

A

T4

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18
Q

What produces thyroid- releasing hormone?

A

produced by the hypothalamus, binds to TRH receptors on anterior pituitary gland thyrotropes

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19
Q

What is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis

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20
Q

How does T3 and T4 function as a negative feedback loop?

A

As T3 and T4 blood concentrations increase, inhibit TSH and TRH, inhibiting thryoid epithelial hormone production

21
Q

The T3 and T4 negative feedback loop acts on what two organs?

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

22
Q

What are external control factors to the thyroid gland?

A

cold, diet and stress

23
Q

What is the effect of cold on the thyroid?

A

increases T3 levels

24
Q

What is the effect of high carb. diet on the thyroid?

A

increase in T3 levels, increase metabolic rate

25
Q

What is the effect of low carb. diet on the thyroid?

A

decrease in T3 levels, decrease in metabolic rate

26
Q

The transport of T3 and T4 requires what and why?

A

Requires the binding to transport proteins because T3 and T4 are fat soluble (hydrophobic)

27
Q

what are some examples of thyroid binding proteins?

A

thyroid binding globulin, transthyrein and albumin

28
Q

What does T3 bind to?

A

mitochondria nd nuclear receptors

29
Q

What does the binding of T3 to mitochondria create?

A

activates oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis

30
Q

What does the binding of T3 to nuclear receptors create?

A

increases mRNA transcription, translation and an increase in protein synthesis

31
Q

What are the primary organs for clearance of thyroid hormones and metabolites?

A

liver and kidneys

32
Q

T4 glucuronidation is facilitated by which liver enzyme?

A

T4, UDP-glucuronyltransferase

33
Q

What can happen if you increase UDP-glucuronyltransferase production in the liver with drugs or toxins?

A

increase the loss of T4, increases loss of T3: acute hypothyroidism

34
Q

the production of calcitonin is stimulated by?

A

high extracellular or blood calcium levels

35
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

decrease Ca levels

36
Q

What tissues do calcitonin target?

A

bone, kidney and digestive tract

37
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin on bone?

A

inhibits osteoclast activity, stimulates storage of Ca

38
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin on the kidney?

A

inhibits tubular reabsortion of Ca, stimulates excretion of Ca

39
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin on the digestive tract?

A

inhibits uptake of Ca, stimulates excretion of Ca

40
Q

What stimulates increased production and secretion of parathyroid hormone?

A

low extracellular or blood Ca levels

41
Q

What organs do PTH target?

A

bone, kidney and digestive tract

42
Q

what is the effect of PTH on bone?

A

stimulates osteoclast activity, increasing bone digestion

43
Q

What is the effect of PTH on the kidney and GI?

A

reabsorption of Ca and inhibiting Ca excretion

44
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

decreased synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, associated with decreased metabolic rate

45
Q

Primary hypothryoidism is classified as

A

thyroid gland dysfunction and is the most common

46
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism is classified as

A

pituitary gland dysfunction and is rare (pituitary gland tumor)

47
Q

Tertiary hypothyroidism is classified as

A

hypothalamic dysfunction, rare/ not described

48
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism is classified as

A

thyroid gland hyperplasia

reported in foals as a result of mares diet, low I- during pregnancy

RUSVM Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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