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BDS1 Tissues > Endocrine and Exocrine glands > Flashcards

Endocrine and Exocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are glands?

A
  • Epithelial cells that produce secretions

- Ectodermal origin (the outer most three primary germinal layers of an embryo)

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2
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

A gland that secretes into ducts

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3
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A gland that secretes directly into the blood stream

- Secretions known as hormones

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4
Q

Where can endocrine glands be found?

A
  • Part of epithelial surface such as lining of digestive tract
  • Separate organs such as thyroid or pituitary gland
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5
Q

What is the function of endocrine glands?

A

Regulation of bodily functions & maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

What is the chronic pattern of hormone secretion?

A
  • Same amount is released every time continuously
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7
Q

What is the episodic pattern of hormone secretion?

A
  • Similar level of secretions after a stimulus has been added
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8
Q

What is the acute pattern of hormone secretion?

A
  • Secreted only when needed - amount varies depending on the stimuli
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9
Q

What is humoral regulation of hormone secretion?

A
  • Blood-borne molecules (relating to bodily fluids)

- e.g. high glucose levels stimulates insulin secretion

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10
Q

What is the neural regulation of hormone secretion?

A
  • Neurones stimulate hormone production

- e.g. SNS stimulates epinephrine release

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11
Q

What is the hormonal regulation of hormone secretion?

A
  • Hormone secretion stimulates another hormone to be secreted
  • e.g. hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate tests to make testosterone
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12
Q

What is calcitonin important for?

A

Controlling levels of calcium in the body

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13
Q

What does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone - extremely important for bone health

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14
Q

What is the effect of hyper-parathyroidism on bone?

A

Too much bone resorbed

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15
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Helps bring calcium level up if low

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16
Q

What are the 2 ways exocrine glands can be classified by?

A
  • Their structure

- Their method of secretion

17
Q

How can you class exocrine glands by their structure?

A
  • Unicellular glands

- Multicellular glands

18
Q

What are the subtypes of multicellular exocrine glands?

A
  • Secretory sheet = simple multicellular gland

- Pockets of gland cells set back from epithelial surface

19
Q

What is a merocrine gland?

A
  • Substance produced in vesicles - vesicles travel to surface and are secreted
20
Q

What is an apocrine gland?

A
  • Portion of cell stored in upper most part - separated from rest of cell and secreted
21
Q

What is a holocrine gland?

A
  • Completely separated - entire cell shed into duct
22
Q

What is a serous secretion?

A
  • Watery secretion containing enzymes
23
Q

What is a mucous secretion?

A
  • Secrete mucins which hydrate to form mucous
24
Q

What are mixed glands?

A
  • Contains both mucous and serous secretions
25
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

26
Q

What organ in the body contains glands that are both exocrine and endocrine?

A

The pancreas

27
Q

What is the endocrine part of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans:

  • Beta cells (insulin)
  • Alpha cells (glucagon)
  • Delta cells (somatostatin and gastrin)
28
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is endocrine cells?

A

About 1%

29
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is exocrine cells?

A

About 99%

30
Q

Why is surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer ineffective?

A
  • Can’t operate on the pancreas as cutting into it makes pancreas start to self-destruct
31
Q

What is the most common and most important endocrine disorder?

A

Diabetes mellitus

32
Q

What causes Type 1: insulin dependent diabetes?

A
  • Destructions on beta cells
  • 5%-10% of all diabetic patients
  • No insulin produced or very little
33
Q

What causes Type 2: insulin resistant diabetes?

A
  • Tissues loose their sensitivity to insulin so become ineffective
  • Insulin is produced however tissues lose sensitivity to hormone
34
Q

What systems in the body are affected by insulin?

A

Most systems of the body are affected by either type 1 or type 2 diabetes

35
Q

What are some oral effects that can be caused by diabetes?

A
  • Periodontitis, dry mouth and susceptibility to infections
36
Q

What does hypofunction of the endocrine system mean?

A
  • Reduced hormone release: not enough hormone to meet requirements
37
Q

What does hormone resistance mean?

A
  • Hormone is there however tissue loses sensitivity to hormone
38
Q

What does hyperfunction of the endocrine system mean?

A
  • Excessive hormone release: too much hormone is produced
39
Q

When might endocrine changes be seen?

A

During pregnancy, menopause, stress, obesity and many more

BDS1 Tissues (10 decks)

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