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BDS1 Tissues > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage and bone?

A

Skeletal connective tissues

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2
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • Structural support
  • Protection
  • Locomotion
  • Mineral reservoir
  • Blood cell production
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3
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A
  • Locomotion - smooth surface at bone ends
  • Structural support
  • Template for new bone formation
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4
Q

What are the 2 different types of bone?

A
  • Flat bone

- Long bones

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5
Q

What is periosteum in bone?

A

Connective tissue surrounding outer surface

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6
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

Dense outer layer

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7
Q

What is cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone?

A

Inner layer of interconnected trabeculae

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8
Q

What is red/yellow bone marrow?

A

Haematopoiesis and energy storage

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9
Q

What is endosteum in bone?

A

Inner membrane, separates bone from marrow

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10
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

The growth and maturation of the blood cells and other formed blood elements in the bone marrow

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11
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Synthesise and secrete bone tissue

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12
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Maintain mineralised bone tissue

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13
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Resorbs bone

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14
Q

What is an osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cell?

A
  • Bone cell precursor

- Gives rise to osteoblasts

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15
Q

What is the process of mineralisation of bone (deposition of hydroxyapatite)?

A
  • Osteoblasts secrete collagen and matrix vesicles
  • Matrix vesicles direct the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals
  • Hydroxyapatite crystals continue to be deposited and coalesce leading to confluent mineralisation
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16
Q

What structural units is cortical bone composed of?

A

Osteon

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17
Q

What is an osteon composed of?

A

Layers of lamellae

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18
Q

What does the central canal of an osteon contain?

A

Nerves, capillaries and lymphatics

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19
Q

What is the process of osteon development?

A
  1. Osteoclasts resorb a wide channel
  2. Nerves, capillaries and lymphatics grow into the canal
  3. Osteoblasts line the channel and lay down osteoid
  4. As osteoid is mineralised, osteoblasts get trapped as osteocytes in lacunae (tiny spaces)
  5. Concentric lamellae (circular layers of bone)
  6. Interstitial lamellae
  7. Circumferential lamellae (around the outside of bone)
20
Q

What are the 2 layers of periosteum?

A
  1. Outer layer of dense, irregular fibrous tissue
    * contains blood, lymph and nerves
  2. Inner cellular layer adjacent to bone surface
    * osteogenic cells
    * osteoblasts
21
Q

What is the function of periosteum?

A
  • Site of bone synthesis

- Give rise to circumferential lamellae

22
Q

What is the structure of trabecular bone?

A
  • Contains lamellar bone - osteocytes housed in lacunae
  • Lattice-like network of rods called trabeculae
  • Orientated to provide maximum strength for minimum mass
  • Spaces between trabeculae occupied by red and yellow marrow
  • Lined externally by endosteum
23
Q

What does bone remodelling occur in response to?

A

Growth and changing mechanical stresses upon the skeleton

24
Q

What external factors is bone remodelling influenced by?

A
  • Hormonal: calcium homeostasis
  • Neuronal
  • Immunological
25
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
26
Q

What can cartilage be described as and what does it provide to the body?

A
  • It is an avascular flexible connective tissue

- Provides strength and cushioning

27
Q

What is a chondroblast?

A
  • Cells that synthesise and secrete ECM of cartilage

- Can divide to form small clusters of mature chondrocytes

28
Q

Where are chondroblasts found?

A

Become trapped in lacunae, within cartilaginous chondrocytes

29
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A
  • Mature cartilage cells

- Maintain the integrity of cartilage

30
Q

As there are no blood vessels in cartilage, how do cells receive their nutrients?

A
  • By diffusion of metabolites through the cartilaginous matrix
31
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • Nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings and most articular surfaces
32
Q

What is the ground substance like in hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Gel-like

- Provides a smooth, firm and slightly flexible surface as it contains some fibre

33
Q

What are the properties of perichondrium and what can this lead to?

A
  • No capacity to repair following damage

- Wear and tear can eventually lead to arthritis

34
Q

Which type of hyaline cartilage does not contain any perichondrium?

A

Articular cartilage

35
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A
  • In vertebral discs and as a component of joint capsule
36
Q

What property does abundant collagen fibres provide?

A

Strength

37
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A
  • External ear, epiglottis and larynx
38
Q

What does abundant elastic fibres in elastic cartilage provide?

A

Flexibility

39
Q

What are elastic fibres synthesised by?

A

Chondrocytes

40
Q

In what 2 ways can a fracture of bone and cartilage occur?

A
  • Due to trauma

- Due to pathologically weakened bone

41
Q

What is Osteomalacia?

A
  • Failure of osteoid to mineralise adequately

- Bones become weakened and are prone to fracture

42
Q

What is Osteomalacia associated with?

A
  • Lack of calcium and/or phosphate
  • Lack of vitamin D
  • Associated with dental abnormalities
  • Adults: weak jaw –> loss of teeth
  • Children: Severe forms of enamel disruption
43
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A
  • Degenerative disease of synovial joints
  • Cartilage eroded sue to wear and tear
  • Bone ends in direct contract
44
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Destructive auto-immune disease of synovial joints
  • Immune cell infiltration
  • Cartilage destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue
  • Immune mediated uncoupling of bone remodelling
  • Increased osteoclastogenesis (bone resorption)
45
Q

What is periodontitis?

A
  • Destructive inflammatory disease
  • Chronic immune response to oral bacteria leads to destruction of host tissues
  • Immune mediated uncoupling of bone remodelling
  • Increased osteoclastogenesis (bone resorption)
  • Destruction of alveolar bone and subsequent tooth loss

BDS1 Tissues (10 decks)

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