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Pharm 343 > Endocrine and cardiac labs > Flashcards

Endocrine and cardiac labs Flashcards

1
Q

Random blood glucose test

A

Taken during non fast
usually for insulin dose monitoring
Critical if <2.6 or >24.9

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2
Q

Fasting blood glucose test

A

no food for 8 hours before and done in the morning
should be <7mmol/L

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3
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test

A

2 hours after 75g glucose load
to test insulin response
<11.1 or 7.8

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4
Q

Hemoglobin A1C test

A

Looks at average glucose level for 3 months
<7% (differs for each patient)

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5
Q

TRH test

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone isn’t released systemically so can’t be measured

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6
Q

TSH test

A

checks circulating hormone 0.2-4 mU/L

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7
Q

T4 test

A

99.9% protein bound and only used for thyroid diagnosis not monitoring

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8
Q

T3 test

A

99.6% protein bound, used of monitoring of thyroid levels

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9
Q

Thyroid level interference

A

some drugs can effect function and levels (lithium, steroids, oral contraceptives, carbamazepine)

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10
Q

Cortisol issues

A

Hard to measure with diurnal increase and drop, also levels change per city and population. Stress or injury and also change levels

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11
Q

ACTH test

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
should be 1.6-3.9 in Edmonton

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12
Q

Cortisol Test

A

measured usually in the morning in the blood or urine

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13
Q

adrenal insufficiency

A

weakness, fatigues, weight loss, hypoglycaemia

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14
Q

adrenal excess

A

weight fain, redistribution of fat, hypertension, hair growth

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15
Q

Addisons disease

A

Too much ACTH, and little cortisol (adrenals can’t produce)

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16
Q

Cushing disease

A

pituitary ademoma releases ACTH and stimulates lots of cortisol

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17
Q

Cushings syndrome

A

adrenal adenoma
low ACTH and high cortisol
Or drug induced therefore decreased ACTH and cortisol

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18
Q

Cholesterol test

A

Measures total cholesterol in all lipoprotein types
>5.2mmol/L

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19
Q

HDL test

A

check for healthy fats

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20
Q

Apoprotein B

A

> 1.05

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21
Q

Non-HDL test

A

Total cholesterol- HDL

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22
Q

LDL test

A

has estimation formula

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23
Q

Troponin 1 test

A

Looks for heart enzymes and therefore damage
<18 ng/L

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24
Q

Troponin T test

A

Looks for heart enzymes and therefore damage
<14 ng/L

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25
Q

Creatine kinase

A

Present in many tissues and can be a sign of damage. Has different tags

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26
Q

Creatine kinase BB

A

Creatine kinase from the brain

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27
Q

Creatine kinase MM

A

Creatine kinase from cardiac and skeletal muscles. can increased by exercise, trauma or rhadomyolysis

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28
Q

Creatine kinase MB

A

Creatine kinase from only cardiac muscle can be used to check for damage

29
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count from drugs, liver disease or bone marrow issues

30
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

high platelets, cancers, bone marrow issues, splenectomy, trauma

31
Q

Prothrombin time (PT)

A

Measures clot time when mixed with Ca+ and thromboplastin. Is produced by liver and is K-dependent
Used to calculate the INR and extrinsic pathway clotting

32
Q

INR calc

A

PTpatient/PTcontrol (control set by WHO)

33
Q

High INR

A

means patient doesn’t clot therefore more bleeding

34
Q

Low INR

A

means patient clots too fast

35
Q

Partial thromboplastin time

A

used to monitor unfractionated heparin intrinsic coagulation

36
Q

activated partial thromboplastin time

A

has activator to increase speed of reaction

37
Q

CBC +/- differential

A

CBC accounts for all blood factors, differential adds WBC report

38
Q

Hgb

A

Hemoglobin test
provides rough estimate of O2 carrying capacity

39
Q

Hit

A

hematocrit test
provides Volume of RBC as whole blood percentage (40-50%_

40
Q

(MCV)

A

Mean corpuscular volume test
Gives the average size of RBC
normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic

41
Q

(MCH)

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin test
Gives average weight of Hgb per RBC. Is calculated by Hgb/RBC count . can be misleading as size/amount of RBC has to be considered

42
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration test
gives average conc. of Hgb in each RBC. calculated by Hgb/Hct
it is little more accurate than MCH

43
Q

RDW

A

RBC distribution width, is the cell size distribution

44
Q

Ferritin test

A

This is the storage iron form in the GI
Low levels can lead to microcytic hypo chromic anemia

45
Q

microcytic hypochromic anemia

A

Can be from ferritin deficiency and has Low MCV and MCHC

46
Q

macrocytic normochromic anemia

A

From B12 deficiency from low stomach acid or diet issues

47
Q

Folic acid

A

In diet and follows B12 levels leads to macrocytic normochromic anemia

48
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren test). tests if inflammation is present if sedimentation takes longer due to inflamm soup

49
Q

reticulocyte count

A

measures immature RBC which reflects EPO activity, monitoring anemia and response to therapy

50
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Tests for inflammation, infection and arthritis increase these
>100mg/L is severe inflammation

51
Q

Neutrophils segmented

A

increased by heart attack or medications causing stress response (steroids, epinephrine)
decreased by B12 or folic acid deficiency or some drugs

52
Q

Neutrophils Band

A

immature WBC can increase to >10% if fighting infection

53
Q

lymphocytes test

A

increased by viral or bacterial infection
decreased by immune decreasing drugs and conditions

54
Q

Monocytes test

A

Elevated due to bacterial infection. can become foam cells when cleaning out BV and start plaque formation

55
Q

Eosinophils test

A

elevated by parasites or allergic response, can also see increase from ACE inhibitors and antibiotics

56
Q

Basophil test

A

DON;t know what they do

57
Q

Albumin test

A

Produced by the liver so good marker of liver function. loss of albumin can lead to edema

58
Q

Clotting factors test

A

k-dependent factors produced in liver and good marker for liver function, Use INR to measure amount

59
Q

ALT test

A

alanine aminotransferase, produced in the body but more specific for liver injury

60
Q

AST test

A

aspartate aminotransferase, produced in the body and liver, sign of organ damage

61
Q

ALT and AST change ratings

A

<5X mild
5-10x moderate
>10x is severe increase

62
Q

ALP test

A

alkaline phosphatase, transporter at has levels increased due to skeletal disease or biliary obstruction.

63
Q

GTT test

A

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, secondary test to confirm source of ALP increase. if it is elevated it shows hepatobiliary disease, normal indicates muscle or GI issues causing ALP increase

64
Q

Cholestasis

A

blockage of the biliary ducts. causes increase on ALP and GTT. If ALP in <4x ULN then this is likely. if below check GTT if it is also elevated then cholestasis is likely, if not skeletal or GI is more likely

65
Q

Bilirubin test

A

Increased by hemolytic anemia, antimalarials, benzos, sulfonamides
Counts both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

66
Q

LDH test

A

lactic acid dehydrogenase, made in almost every cell. increase indicates cell damage (liver, lung, lymphoma)

67
Q

Amylase test

A

elevation could point to inflammation or block of salivary gland

68
Q

Lipase test

A

elevation could be from pancreas issues, gallbladder blockage

69
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen
end product of protein metabolism, increase from diet or kidney issues

Pharm 343 (15 decks)

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