Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCM II Midterm > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

DM Type 2

A

Insulin resistance leading to ineffective transport of glucose out of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Risk Factors for DM Type 2

A

Age>45, BMI>25, sedentary lifestyle, gestation diabetes, hypertension, HbA1c>5.7, fasting glucose>100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical presentation of DM Type 2

A

Polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, increased hunger, weight gain, dehydration, impaired healing, recurrent UTIs, acanthosis nigricans, retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ADA Diagnosis criteria

A

HbA1c>6.5, fasting glucose>126, 2-hr glucose>200 on oral glucose tolerance, random glucose >200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diabetic foot exams

A

look for callus, breaks in skin, pulses, sensation, dryness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ominous octet of type 2 diabetes?

A

NT dysfunction, increased lipolysis, increased glucose reabsorption, decreased glucose uptake, decrease incretin effect, increased hepatic glucose production, increased glucagon secretion, impaired insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe DKA

A

look sick, mental changes, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, signs of dehydration, Kussmaul resp., fruity breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some associated conditions with type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease, addison’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

group of metabolic abnormalities that confer increased risk of CVD and diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do we diagnose Metabolic syndrome?

A

abdominal obesity, triglycerides>150, HDL<40 in men and <50 in women, BP>130/85, Fasting glucose>100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a primary disease?

A

inhibits action of downstream glands, gland itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a secondary disease?

A

pituitary gland problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a tertiary disease?

A

dysfunction of hypothalamus and its ability to release hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some causes of endocrine dysfunction?

A

hormone excess, hormone deficiency, resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do we measure hormone levels?

A

immunoassays, plasma and urinary samples, correct interpretation in clinical context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is dynamic endocrine testing?

A

suppression or stimulation test

17
Q

What are the two maintain types of treatment for endocrine diseases?

A

replacing the deficient hormone, suppressing excess hormone production

18
Q

What are the key functions of the thyroid?

A

metabolism, secrete T3, T4, and TSH

19
Q

What are some common clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, anxiety, diaphoresis, heat intolerance

20
Q

What are some potential causes for hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’, goiter, toxic adenoma, amiodarone-induced thyroiditis

21
Q

What are some common clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

fatigue, weight gain, anorexia, dry, coarse skin, cold intolerance, weakness, impaired memory

22
Q

What are some potential causes for hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, subacute thyroiditis, sever illness, amiodarone and other drugs

23
Q

What is a classic presentation of Graves’?

A

proptosis and exophthalmos

24
Q

What is the function of PT glands?

A

Calcium regulation in the body

25
Q

What are some symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

spastic reflexes, chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign

26
Q

What are some symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

bone disease, nephrolithiasis, increased calcitriol, renal tubular acidosis, hypertension, bradycardia, decreased QT interval

27
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

prolonged PTH excess, presents as anorexia, nausea, constipation, polydipsia, and polyuria

28
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

most common cause of hypocalcemia, decreased PTH levels

29
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

overproduction of ACTH by pituitary or ingestion of exogenous corticosteroids

30
Q

What are some common presentations of cushing’s?

A

HTN, central obesity, depression, hirsutism, moon facies, buffalo hump, easy bruising, striae

31
Q

How do you examine the thyroid?

A

have patient flex neck, place index fingers just below cricoid, have patient swallow, displace trachea to right and left to feel size and texture

32
Q

What might the thyroid feel like if the patient had Graves disease?

A

soft

33
Q

What might the thyroid feel like if the patient had a malignancy or hashimoto’s?

A

firm

34
Q

What might the thyroid feel like if the patient had thyroiditis?

A

tender

35
Q

What are the steps of a diabetic foot exam?

A
  1. examine for lesions (claw toes, ulcers, amputations, toenails)
  2. monofilament testing
  3. vibratory testing using 128 Hz
  4. superficial pain
  5. bilateral DTRs of ankle
  6. bilateral pulses

PCM II Midterm (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions