Endocrine

Question 1

regulates metabolic process related to growth

Answer 1

growth hormone (Somatotropin)

Question 2

stimulates thyroid hormone secretion

Answer 2

TSH

Question 3

stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids and androgens

Answer 3

adrenal-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 4

stimulates secretion of estrogen, stimulates follicle maturation in ovaries, also critical for sperm production in males

Answer 4

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 5

stimulates secretion of androgens in males and progesterone in females

Answer 5

luteinizing hormone (LH) and interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Question 6

stimulates secretion of prolactin, which stimulates the secretion of milk during lactation

Answer 6

prolactin releasing hormone

Question 7

stimulates skin pigmentation

Answer 7

melanocyte stimulating hormone

Question 8

involved with pleasure during exercise and the alleviate of pain

Answer 8

beta endorphins

Question 9

promotes water reabsorption back into blood, decreases urine output

Answer 9

antidiuretic hormone

Question 10

stimulates uterine contractions and breast milk let down reflex

Answer 10

oxytocin

Question 11

regulate metabolic rate of all cells, body heat production, protein, fat and carb catabolism in all cells

Answer 11

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 12

stimulates bone ossification and development

Answer 12

triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 13

regulates serum calcium levels and excretion of phosphorus

Answer 13

parathyroid hormone

Question 14

increases sodium reabsorption and increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion in the kidneys

Answer 14

aldosterone

Question 15

stimulate bone development and secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 15

androgens

Question 16

stimulates anti inflammatory reactions and protest from harmful stress responses

Answer 16

cortisol

Question 17

activates sympathetic nervous system, stimulates increase in BP and blood glucose levels

Answer 17

epinephrine

Question 18

born with normal weight and length. below 3rd percentile by age 1 and grows less than 5cm a year.

Answer 18

Growth Hormone deficiency (GHD)

Question 19

manifestation so growth hormone deficiency

Answer 19

hypoglycemic seizures, hyponatremia, neonatal jaundice, micropenis, undescended tests in infants

Question 20

cherubic look, high pitched voice, decreased muscle mass, and delayed sexual maturation

Answer 20

GHD

Question 21

causes of GHD

Answer 21

infections (eg. sickle cell disease), tumors, trauma, cranial irradiation, chemotherapy, emotional deprivation

Question 22

excessive secretion of GH. rare in childhood. tumor in hypothalamus. may grow to 7-8 feet if occurs before end of growth and acromegaly if occurs after growth

Answer 22

GH excess/hyperpitiutarism

Question 23

lack of ADH or inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH. urine cannot be concentrated. Large volume of dilute urine (polyuria) which leads to polydipsia

Answer 23

diabetes insipidus (DI)

Question 24

Types of DI: neurogenic (central) due to ADH deficiency, familiar or idiopathic. Treat with?

Answer 24

desmopressin

Question 25

Types of DI: nephrogenic due to decreased responsiveness of kidneys to ADH or may be inherited or acquired. Treat with?

Answer 25

diuretics, high fluid volume, salt and protein restricted diet

Question 26

polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, fever, irritability, mental status changes ASSESS FOR DEHYDRATION

Answer 26

diabetes insipidus

Question 27

Diagnosis for? Dehydration episode, serum electrolytes (increased sodium and serum osmolality), urine analysis for specific gravity, CT/MRI to detect tumor, confirmation is done through a fluid deprivation test

Answer 27

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 28

characterized by excessive ADH in serum. Seen in children with CNS infections, brain tumors, brain trauma, pulmonary disorders and those who received positive pressure ventilation

Answer 28

SIADH

Question 29

water intoxication, hyponatremia, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, weight gain, elevated BP, distended jugular veins, lung crackles, cerebral edema, concentrated urine with decreased output

Answer 29

SIADH

Question 30

treatments for SIADH

Answer 30

diuretics, hypertonic IV fluids, demeclocycline to counteract the effect ADH

Question 31

appearance of sexual characteristics before age 8

Answer 31

precocious puberty

Question 32

idiopathic early secretion of hormones, external steroids or estrogen use, tumors of the ovary or adrenal gland , McCune-Albright syndrome

Answer 32

causes of precocious puberty

Question 33

thelarche

Answer 33

breast development

Question 34

menarche

Answer 34

vaginal bleeding without other signs of sexual development

Question 35

adrenarche

Answer 35

pubic and axillary hair

Question 36

active thyroid hormones are decreased

Answer 36

hypothyroidism

Question 37

jaundice, thick tongue, hypotonia, umbilical hernia, hoarse cry, dry skin, constipation, large fontanelles

Answer 37

signs of hypothyroidism

Question 38

what do children with hypothyroidism have

Answer 38

decreased appetite, dry cool skin, thinning hair or hair loss, depressed deep tendon reflexes, bradycardia, constipation, cold sensitivity, abnormal menses, goiter

Question 39

manifestations unique to children with hypothyroidism

Answer 39

changes in past normal growth patterns, increased weight, decreased height velocity, delayed bone and dental age, hypotonia with poor muscle tone, delayed or precocious puberty

Question 40

most common cause is an autoimmune disorder called Graves disease

Answer 40

hyperthyroidism

Question 41

life threatening emergency resulting from extreme hyperthyroidism. elevated circulating levels of TH result in a hyper metabolic state.

Answer 41

thyrotoxicosis (thyroid crisis or thyroid storm)

Question 42

signs of thyrotoxicosis

Answer 42

muscle weakness, diaphoresis, tachycardia, tremor, palpitations, diarrhea, irritability, nervousness, and anxiety

Question 43

preferred medication for thyrotoxicosis and the one that has severe liver damage

Answer 43

Methimazole. Propylthiouracil

Question 44

if parathyroid gland is removed what do you have to give

Answer 44

a calcium supplement. hyper is too much calcium and hypo not enough

Question 45

positive Chvostek sign, calcium and Vet D supplements are needed.

Answer 45

hypoparathyroidism

Question 46

excessive blood levels of glucocorticoids usually caused by pituitary tumor

Answer 46

cushing syndrome

Question 47

extended use of topical steroid for the treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants and young children may cause

Answer 47

Cushing syndrome

Question 48

weight gain, moon face, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening, hypertension

Answer 48

Cushings

Question 49

insufficient production of aldosterone and cortisol and an overproduction of androgen.

Answer 49

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 50

recurrent vomiting, dehydration, weakness, metabolic acidosis, hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia. Lifelong use of glucocorticoids

Answer 50

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 51

Failure of adrenal glands to develop. Deficiency of glucocorticoids (cortisone), and aldosterone. Causes include autoimmune process infection, hemorrhage, medication use, and metastatic cancer

Answer 51

Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's disease)

Question 52

signs of Addison's (adrenal insufficiency)

Answer 52

weakness, fatigue, GI symptoms, salt cravings, hypoglycemia, hyperpigmentation. Stress and disease aggravates it

Question 53

what is given for aldosterone deficiency

Answer 53

Fludrocortison acetate (Florinef) and oral glucocorticoid such as hydrocortisone, prednisone, or dexamethasone

Question 54

adrenal crisis can be caused by

Answer 54

infection, surgery, trauma, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 55

treatment for adrenal crisis

Answer 55

aggressive fluid resuscitation, IV glucose, IV glucocorticoids such as hydrocortisone. Increased doses of steroids during periods of increased physiological stress,

Question 56

tumor of the adrenal gland. hypertension, palpitation, sweating, tremors

Answer 56

pheochromocytoma

Question 57

Study insulin DM and DKA

Answer 57

ok

Question 58

90% of fetus are miscarried, short 4th toe, short fingers, delayed growth and puberty, hormone replacements

Answer 58

turner sydnrome

Question 59

extra X chromosome in boys, delayed puberty, small firm testes, less facial and body hair, developmental delays. Goal is to stimulate masculinization, testosterone replacement at puberty

Answer 59

Kilinefelter syndrome

Question 60

deficiency of enzyme, accumulation of phenylalanine causes a musty body and urine odor, irritability, vomiting, eczema, low protein diet and special formula

Answer 60

PKU

Question 61

deficiency of an enzyme needed to convert galactose to glucose

Answer 61

Galactosemia

Question 62

early signs are poor sucking, no weight gain due to vomiting and diarrhea, untreated can lead to death in one month, diagnosed through newborn screening

Answer 62

galactosemia

Question 63

malfunction of mitochondria (powerhouse) results in inability to produce energy and maintain metabolic regulation. Frequent meals, hydration, complex carbs, protein before bed to prevent hypoglycemia

Answer 63

mitochondrial disease

Question 64

disorder of amino acid metabolism where amino acids responsible for formation of hair, skin, and muscle are affected and cannot be metabolized. poor sucking and irregular respirations and rigidity seen at 5-7 days of life. ketosis and sweet smell may be present in urine

Answer 64

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Question 65

another name for hypopituitarism

Answer 65

growth hormone deficiency

Question 66

lab findings for those with SIADH

Answer 66

high urine osmolality, elevated specific gravity, low serum osmolality, low serum sodium, and decreased BUN

Question 67

Meds for SIADH

Answer 67

diuretics, demeclocycline, and hypertonic saline salution