Endocrine

Question 1

What two sections does the nervous system divide into and where in the body are they based?

Answer 1

CNS - brain and spinal cord - main ‘processor’

Peripheral nervous system - cranial nerves and spinal nerves - carry impulses to the tissues of the body

Question 2

Give some examples of some sympathetic nervous system functions.

Answer 2

Dilate pupils, inhibit saliva, accelerates heartbeat, inhibits digestion, dilates bronchi

Question 3

Give some examples of parasympathetic nervous function.

Answer 3

Constricts pupils, stimulates saliva, slows heartbeat, stimulates digestion, constricts bronchi

Question 4

In a fight situation, what body parts does the sympathetic system prioritise blood vessels to?

Answer 4

Brain, heart, skeletal muscles

Question 5

What’s the difference between endocrine and neurocrine signalling?

Answer 5

Endocrine secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Neurocrine sends an electrochemical signal from a neuron into the blood.

Question 6

What cells are made in the thymus?

Answer 6

Maturation of bone marrow derived stem cells into T-cells.

Question 7

What hormone does the thymus promote and what does it do?

Answer 7

Thymosin - hormone promotes T cell maturation

Question 8

What does hormone mean in Latin?

Answer 8

‘To excite or arouse’

Question 9

What do hormones regulate?

Answer 9

Reproduction, metabolism, growth, defences, electrolyte balance

Question 10

Where is the pituitary, the hypothalamus and pineal gland is relation to one another?

Answer 10

Pituitary just below the hypothalamus, pineal gland a small gland just above the hypothalamus

Question 11

Name three functions the hypothalamus controls.

Answer 11

Lactation
Thermoregulation
HR/BP
Emotion/sexual behaviour

Question 12

What hormones does the hypothalamus send to the pituitary?

Answer 12

ADH and oxytocin

Question 13

What are the two capillary systems running through the hypothalamus / pituitary?

Answer 13

The hepatic portal system

The hypothalamo- hypophyseal- portal system

Question 14

What key feature makes the hepatic portal system different?

Answer 14

It passes through two sets of vessels

Question 15

What are the two components of the pituitary?

Answer 15

Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

Question 16

Where are the adrenal glands positioned?

Answer 16

One on top of each kidney

Question 17

What cells does the adrenal cells contain which release hormones directly into the blood? Which hormones?

Answer 17

Chromaffin cells

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 18

What does the adrenal cortex do?

Answer 18

Sits in the adrenal glands to produces a stress response.

Releases stress hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone.

Question 19

What happens to the body to initiate a long term stress response. What endocrine pathway does it take?

Answer 19

Stress - pituitary - adrenal cortex.

Increased blood sugar, increased BP/HR, suppression of immune system.

Question 20

What happens to the body to initiate a short stress response. What endocrine pathway does it take?

Answer 20

Stress - spinal cord - adrenal medulla

Alertness, increased metabolic rate, increased HR/BP, liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases into bloodstream

Question 21

What are the two main arteries of the pituitary?

Answer 21

The inferior hypophyseal artery and the superior hypophyseal artery

Question 22

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 22

Produces melatonin which affects our circadian rhythm

Inhibits LH and FSH

Question 23

Why does the pineal gland show up in skull x-rays?

Answer 23

It calcifies in early adulthood