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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

<p><p>What does the thyoid gland consists of? </p></p>

A

<p><p>2 lateral lobes

| Isthmus </p></p>

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2
Q

<p><p>What are is the thyroid gland attached too and what mechanism does this cause? </p></p>

A

<p><p>Larynx and trachea

| Means when there is goitre, the gland will move on swallowing </p></p>

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3
Q

<p><p>What forms the larynx? </p></p>

A

<p><p>Cricoid and Thyroid cartilage</p></p>

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4
Q

<p><p>How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they situated? </p></p>

A

<p><p>4

| Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland</p></p>

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5
Q

<p><p>What are the names of the parathyroid glands? </p></p>

A

<p><p>L superior and inferior parathyroid glands

| R superior and inferior parathyroid glands </p></p>

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6
Q

<p><p>Name the structures in the larynx</p>

| </p>

A

<p></p>

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7
Q

<p>In some people there is an additional section of the thyroid gland, what is this called? </p>

A

<p>Pyramidal lobe</p>

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8
Q

<p>Where does the pyramidal lobe attach? </p>

A

<p>Anteriorly
Can attach superiorly to the thyroid cartilage
OR
May extend further and attach superiorly to the hyoid bone </p>

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9
Q

<p>Where does the pyramidal lobe usually originate from? </p>

A

<p>Left lobe

(9.2% are NOT connected to the main thyroid gland)</p>

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10
Q

<p>What migratory path during embryological development does the thyroid gland travel down to get into the correct position? </p>

A

<p>Thyroglossal duct </p>

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11
Q

<p>At what time during embryological development does the thyroid gland reach its correct position? </p>

A

<p>7 weeks </p>

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12
Q

<p>What is the remnants of the beginning of the thyroglossal duct? </p>

A

<p>Foramen caecum </p>

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13
Q

<p>Where is the foramen caecum? </p>

A

<p>Between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue </p>

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14
Q

<p>At what vertebral level is the thyroid gland? </p>

A

<p>C7</p>

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15
Q

<p>Where is the Platysma muscle? </p>

A

<p>Immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck </p>

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16
Q

<p>What group of muscles does the platysma belong to? </p>

A

<p>The muscles of facial expression </p>

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17
Q

<p>What is the nerve supply to platysma? </p>

A

<p>CN VII (facial) </p>

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18
Q

<p>What are the 4 deep cervical fascias?</p>

A

<p>Preverterbral fascia
Investing (deep) fascia
Carotid sheaths
Pretracheal fascia </p>

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19
Q

<p>Which deep cervical fascia is the most superficial? </p>

A

<p>Investing fascia </p>

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20
Q

<p>What structures does the Prevertebral fascia contain? </p>

A

<p>Cervical vertebrae

| Postural neck muscles </p>

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21
Q

<p>What structures does the Investing fascia contain? </p>

A

<p>Trapezius

| Sternocleidomastoid</p>

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22
Q

<p>Where are the two carotid sheaths located? </p>

A

<p>Anterolaterally </p>

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23
Q

<p>What structures do the carotid sheaths contain? </p>

A

<p>Internal jugular vein
Carotid arteries (common and internal)
Vagus nerve
Deep cervical nodes </p>

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24
Q

<p>What structure does the Pretracheal fascia contain? </p>

A 
<p>Strap muscles 
Thyroid gland 
Oesophagus 
Trachea 
Recurrent laryngeal nerve </p>
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25

Where is the retropharyngeal space?

Between pretracheal and prevertebral fascia

26

What is the down side to having the deep cervical fascias is such close proximity?

Infection can spread

27

What are the attachment points for the sternocleidomastoid?

Sternal head attaches to manubrium of sternum Clavicular head attaches to medial end of clavicle Both head attach to mastoid process of temporal bone

28

Is the anterior jugular vein superficial or deep?

Superficial

29

Is the external jugular vein superficial or deep?

Superficial

30

Where does the anterior jugular vein drain to?

Internal jugular vein

31

Where does the internal jugular vein drain to?

Subclavian vein

32

What are the attachment points for the trapezius?

Occiputal bone Spine of scapula Lateral end of clavicle

33

What are the carotid sheaths attachment points?

Base of skull --> around the jugular foramen and the entrance to the carotid canal

34

Name the arterial branches supplying the thyroid gland coming from the aorta

Arch of the aorta Subclavian artery --> Inferior thyroid artery Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery --> superior thyroid artery External carotid artery

35

Name the venous branches draining the thyroid gland, draining to vena cava

```

Vena cava L brachiocephalic --> inferior thyroid veins R brachiocephalic Superior thyroid vein Middle thyroid vein

```
36

What is the lymphatic draining from the thyroid and the parathyroid glands?

Superior deep cervical nodes Inferior deep cervical nodes Pretracheal node (1) Paratracheal nodes

37

Where does lymph drain to on the right side of the thyroid gland?

Right lymphatic duct to right venous angel

38

Where does lymph drain to on the left side of the thyroid gland?

Thoracic duct to the left venous angle

39

What part of the brain does the vagus nerve connect to?

Medulla Oblangata

40

What are the two branches of the vagus nerve in the neck ?

Superior larygneal nerve | Recurrent laryngeal nerve

41

Where does the vegus nerve divide into its terminal branches?

Surface of the stomach

42

Which nerve is more medial, the vagus or the recurrent laryngeal?

Recurrent laryngeal

43

What structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop under?

Arch of aorta

44

What structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop under?

Right subclavian artery

45

What are the names of the strap muscles?

Sternohyoid Thyrohyoid Omohyoid

46

What structure attaches the intermediate tendon of omohyoid to the clavicle?

Fascial sling

47

Name the strap muscles and identify where they are

48
What are the 4 main surgical approaches to thyroid gland?
Classical thyroidectomy Endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy Endoscopic trans-axillary approach Endoscopic trans-breast approach
49
What are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid?
Clavicular head | Sternal head
50
Thyroid cartilage is composed of two parts, what is the midline part where they meet?
laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage
51
What are the endocrine glands in the head?
Hypothalamus | Pituitary
52
What are the endocrine glands in the neck?
Thyroid | Parathyroid
53
What are the endocrine glands in the pelvis?
Males - tests | Females - ovaries
54
What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblangata
55
What is the diencephalon composed of?
Thalamus | Hypothalamus
56
What is the Diencephalon?
Forms the central core of the cerebrum with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain
57
What structure anatomically connects the pituitary gland with the hypothalamus?
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
58
What are the 2 sections that the pituitary gland is divided into?
Anterior | Posterior
59
What section of the pituitary gland is the largest?
Anterior
60
What structure does the pituitary gland sit it?
Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
61
What structure does the pituitary fossa sit in?
Sella Turcica
62
What structure is immediately superior to the pituitary gland?
Optic Chiasm
63
What is the optic chiams formed from?
Right and left optic tracts (the optic nerve)
64
Where do the R and L optic tract synapse?
Thalamus
65
Where is the visual cortex?
Occiputal lobe
66
What visual field is registered at the nasal retina?
Temporal visual field
67
What visual field is registered at the temporal retina?
Nasal retinal field
68
Animals can see due to structures called rods and cones. What kind of light does each of these structures see?
``` Rods = dim light, night time Cones = day light ```
69
If there was a pituitary tumour, what would it compress?
Optic chiasm at the midline
70
In a pituitary tumour affecting the optic chiasm, what retina is disturbed?
Nasal retina bilaterally
71
In a pituitary tumour affecting the optic chiasm, what visual field is damaged and what sight disorder occurs?
Temporal visual field | Bitemporal hemianopia
72
What structure lies directly inferior to the pituitary fossa?
Sphenoid sinus
73
What are the 2 surgical approaches to the pituitary fossa?
Transcranial | Transphenoidal
74
What bones make up the nasal septum?
Vomer | Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
75
Superior and midline concha are a part of which bone?
Ethmoid bone
76
What bone is the inferior concha apart of?
It is a bone in its own right
77
What bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
78
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Frontal sinus Maxillary sinus Ethmoid air cells Sphenoid sinus
79
What lines the paranasal sinuses?
Mucous secreting respiratory mucosa
80
What are the 4 functions of sinuses?
Mucous production Buoyancy Voice resonance Reduce weight of skull
81
Where does mucous form the paranasal sinuses drain?
Osita (singular ostium)
82
Clinically, what is the maxillary sinus known as?
The antrum
83
What structure forms a roof (diaphragm) over the pituitary gland?
Diaphragm sellae
84
What is the tenorium cerebelli?
A tough sheet of dura mater tenting over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa
85
What material covers the bones of the cranial vault?
Dura mater
86
What are the dura venous sinuses?
Venous channels within the dura mater that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity (including the brain) into the interal jugular vein
87
Where does the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein?
Jugular foraminae
88
What artery passest through the cavernous sinus?
Internal carotid artery
89
What connects the R and L cavernous sinuses?
Intercavernous sinus
90
Where is the intercavernous sinus?
Anterior to the pituitary gland
91
What structure does the intercavenous and cavernous sinuses surround?
the pituitary gland

Anatomy (10 decks)

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