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Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

<p><p>What does the thyoid gland consists of? </p></p>

A

<p><p>2 lateral lobes

| Isthmus </p></p>

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2
Q

<p><p>What are is the thyroid gland attached too and what mechanism does this cause? </p></p>

A

<p><p>Larynx and trachea

| Means when there is goitre, the gland will move on swallowing </p></p>

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3
Q

<p><p>What forms the larynx? </p></p>

A

<p><p>Cricoid and Thyroid cartilage</p></p>

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4
Q

<p><p>How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they situated? </p></p>

A

<p><p>4

| Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland</p></p>

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5
Q

<p><p>What are the names of the parathyroid glands? </p></p>

A

<p><p>L superior and inferior parathyroid glands

| R superior and inferior parathyroid glands </p></p>

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6
Q

<p><p>Name the structures in the larynx</p>

| </p>

A

<p></p>

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7
Q

<p>In some people there is an additional section of the thyroid gland, what is this called? </p>

A

<p>Pyramidal lobe</p>

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8
Q

<p>Where does the pyramidal lobe attach? </p>

A

<p>Anteriorly
Can attach superiorly to the thyroid cartilage
OR
May extend further and attach superiorly to the hyoid bone </p>

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9
Q

<p>Where does the pyramidal lobe usually originate from? </p>

A

<p>Left lobe

(9.2% are NOT connected to the main thyroid gland)</p>

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10
Q

<p>What migratory path during embryological development does the thyroid gland travel down to get into the correct position? </p>

A

<p>Thyroglossal duct </p>

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11
Q

<p>At what time during embryological development does the thyroid gland reach its correct position? </p>

A

<p>7 weeks </p>

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12
Q

<p>What is the remnants of the beginning of the thyroglossal duct? </p>

A

<p>Foramen caecum </p>

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13
Q

<p>Where is the foramen caecum? </p>

A

<p>Between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue </p>

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14
Q

<p>At what vertebral level is the thyroid gland? </p>

A

<p>C7</p>

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15
Q

<p>Where is the Platysma muscle? </p>

A

<p>Immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck </p>

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16
Q

<p>What group of muscles does the platysma belong to? </p>

A

<p>The muscles of facial expression </p>

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17
Q

<p>What is the nerve supply to platysma? </p>

A

<p>CN VII (facial) </p>

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18
Q

<p>What are the 4 deep cervical fascias?</p>

A

<p>Preverterbral fascia
Investing (deep) fascia
Carotid sheaths
Pretracheal fascia </p>

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19
Q

<p>Which deep cervical fascia is the most superficial? </p>

A

<p>Investing fascia </p>

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20
Q

<p>What structures does the Prevertebral fascia contain? </p>

A

<p>Cervical vertebrae

| Postural neck muscles </p>

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21
Q

<p>What structures does the Investing fascia contain? </p>

A

<p>Trapezius

| Sternocleidomastoid</p>

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22
Q

<p>Where are the two carotid sheaths located? </p>

A

<p>Anterolaterally </p>

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23
Q

<p>What structures do the carotid sheaths contain? </p>

A

<p>Internal jugular vein
Carotid arteries (common and internal)
Vagus nerve
Deep cervical nodes </p>

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24
Q

<p>What structure does the Pretracheal fascia contain? </p>

A 
<p>Strap muscles 
Thyroid gland 
Oesophagus 
Trachea 
Recurrent laryngeal nerve </p>
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25
Q

<p>Where is the retropharyngeal space? </p>

A

<p>Between pretracheal and prevertebral fascia </p>

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26
Q

<p>What is the down side to having the deep cervical fascias is such close proximity? </p>

A

<p>Infection can spread </p>

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27
Q

<p>What are the attachment points for the sternocleidomastoid? </p>

A

<p>Sternal head attaches to manubrium of sternum
Clavicular head attaches to medial end of clavicle
Both head attach to mastoid process of temporal bone </p>

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28
Q

<p>Is the anterior jugular vein superficial or deep? </p>

A

<p>Superficial </p>

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29
Q

<p>Is the external jugular vein superficial or deep? </p>

A

<p>Superficial </p>

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30
Q

<p>Where does the anterior jugular vein drain to? </p>

A

<p>Internal jugular vein </p>

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31
Q

<p>Where does the internal jugular vein drain to? </p>

A

<p>Subclavian vein </p>

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32
Q

<p>What are the attachment points for the trapezius? </p>

A

<p>Occiputal bone
Spine of scapula
Lateral end of clavicle </p>

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33
Q

<p>What are the carotid sheaths attachment points? </p>

A

<p>Base of skull --> around the jugular foramen and the entrance to the carotid canal </p>

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34
Q

<p>Name the arterial branches supplying the thyroid gland coming from the aorta</p>

A

<p>Arch of the aorta
Subclavian artery --> Inferior thyroid artery
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery --> superior thyroid artery
External carotid artery </p>

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35
Q

<p>Name the venous branches draining the thyroid gland, draining to vena cava </p>

A 
<p>Vena cava 
L brachiocephalic --> inferior thyroid veins 
R brachiocephalic 
Superior thyroid vein 
Middle thyroid vein </p>
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36
Q

<p>What is the lymphatic draining from the thyroid and the parathyroid glands? </p>

A

<p>Superior deep cervical nodes
Inferior deep cervical nodes
Pretracheal node (1)
Paratracheal nodes </p>

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37
Q

<p>Where does lymph drain to on the right side of the thyroid gland? </p>

A

<p>Right lymphatic duct to right venous angel </p>

38
Q

<p>Where does lymph drain to on the left side of the thyroid gland? </p>

A

<p>Thoracic duct to the left venous angle </p>

39
Q

<p>What part of the brain does the vagus nerve connect to? </p>

A

<p>Medulla Oblangata </p>

40
Q

<p>What are the two branches of the vagus nerve in the neck ?</p>

A

<p>Superior larygneal nerve

| Recurrent laryngeal nerve</p>

41
Q

<p>Where does the vegus nerve divide into its terminal branches? </p>

A

<p>Surface of the stomach </p>

42
Q

<p>Which nerve is more medial, the vagus or the recurrent laryngeal? </p>

A

<p>Recurrent laryngeal</p>

43
Q

<p>What structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop under? </p>

A

<p>Arch of aorta</p>

44
Q

<p>What structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop under? </p>

A

<p>Right subclavian artery</p>

45
Q

<p>What are the names of the strap muscles? </p>

A

<p>Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid </p>

46
Q

<p>What structure attaches the intermediate tendon of omohyoid to the clavicle? </p>

A

<p>Fascial sling </p>

47
Q

<p>Name the strap muscles and identify where they are</p>

A
48
Q

What are the 4 main surgical approaches to thyroid gland?

A

Classical thyroidectomy
Endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy
Endoscopic trans-axillary approach
Endoscopic trans-breast approach

49
Q

What are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Clavicular head

Sternal head

50
Q

Thyroid cartilage is composed of two parts, what is the midline part where they meet?

A

laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage

51
Q

What are the endocrine glands in the head?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

52
Q

What are the endocrine glands in the neck?

A

Thyroid

Parathyroid

53
Q

What are the endocrine glands in the pelvis?

A

Males - tests

Females - ovaries

54
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblangata

55
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

56
Q

What is the Diencephalon?

A

Forms the central core of the cerebrum with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

57
Q

What structure anatomically connects the pituitary gland with the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

58
Q

What are the 2 sections that the pituitary gland is divided into?

A

Anterior

Posterior

59
Q

What section of the pituitary gland is the largest?

A

Anterior

60
Q

What structure does the pituitary gland sit it?

A

Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

61
Q

What structure does the pituitary fossa sit in?

A

Sella Turcica

62
Q

What structure is immediately superior to the pituitary gland?

A

Optic Chiasm

63
Q

What is the optic chiams formed from?

A

Right and left optic tracts (the optic nerve)

64
Q

Where do the R and L optic tract synapse?

A

Thalamus

65
Q

Where is the visual cortex?

A

Occiputal lobe

66
Q

What visual field is registered at the nasal retina?

A

Temporal visual field

67
Q

What visual field is registered at the temporal retina?

A

Nasal retinal field

68
Q

Animals can see due to structures called rods and cones. What kind of light does each of these structures see?

A 
Rods = dim light, night time 
Cones = day light
69
Q

If there was a pituitary tumour, what would it compress?

A

Optic chiasm at the midline

70
Q

In a pituitary tumour affecting the optic chiasm, what retina is disturbed?

A

Nasal retina bilaterally

71
Q

In a pituitary tumour affecting the optic chiasm, what visual field is damaged and what sight disorder occurs?

A

Temporal visual field

Bitemporal hemianopia

72
Q

What structure lies directly inferior to the pituitary fossa?

A

Sphenoid sinus

73
Q

What are the 2 surgical approaches to the pituitary fossa?

A

Transcranial

Transphenoidal

74
Q

What bones make up the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

75
Q

Superior and midline concha are a part of which bone?

A

Ethmoid bone

76
Q

What bone is the inferior concha apart of?

A

It is a bone in its own right

77
Q

What bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

78
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid air cells
Sphenoid sinus

79
Q

What lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucous secreting respiratory mucosa

80
Q

What are the 4 functions of sinuses?

A

Mucous production
Buoyancy
Voice resonance
Reduce weight of skull

81
Q

Where does mucous form the paranasal sinuses drain?

A

Osita (singular ostium)

82
Q

Clinically, what is the maxillary sinus known as?

A

The antrum

83
Q

What structure forms a roof (diaphragm) over the pituitary gland?

A

Diaphragm sellae

84
Q

What is the tenorium cerebelli?

A

A tough sheet of dura mater tenting over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa

85
Q

What material covers the bones of the cranial vault?

A

Dura mater

86
Q

What are the dura venous sinuses?

A

Venous channels within the dura mater that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity (including the brain) into the interal jugular vein

87
Q

Where does the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein?

A

Jugular foraminae

88
Q

What artery passest through the cavernous sinus?

A

Internal carotid artery

89
Q

What connects the R and L cavernous sinuses?

A

Intercavernous sinus

90
Q

Where is the intercavernous sinus?

A

Anterior to the pituitary gland

91
Q

What structure does the intercavenous and cavernous sinuses surround?

A

the pituitary gland

Anatomy (10 decks)

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