Endocrine Flashcards by Cristina Resczenski

somatostatin actions

inhibits:
GH
insulin
glucagon
TSH
prolactin

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hormones w/ same alpha subunits

TSH, HcG, LH, FSH

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micro vs macro adenoma

1 cm

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craniopharyngioma –>.

prolactinoma

or diabetes insipidus

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cortex layers

outer to inner:
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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ZG makes

mineralcorticoids (aldo)

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ZF makes

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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ZR makes

androgens (DHEA, androstenedione)

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cushings Tx

ketoconazole (ectopic ACTH)

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thyroid peroxidase

couples iodine w/ tyrosul

couples MITs and DITs

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wolff-chaikoff

normal effect
shuts off iodide uptake when there is excess uptake
turns back on in 72 hrs

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jod-basedow

pathologic
iodide uptake doesnt shut off
–> hyperthyroidism

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disalbuminemic familial hyperthyroxinemia

up TBG

artificially up total T3/4

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euthyroidal illness

up rT3

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dequervains thyroiditis

inflamm viral infrction
virus stim release of stored T3/4
low I-123 uptake (I symporters inflamed and stunned)

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most common thyroid ca

papillary

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most benign thyroid caa

papillary

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PTH actions

up serum Ca

down serum P

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vitamin D actions

up serum Ca

up serum P

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calcitonin

down serum Ca

acute hypoCa sx

muscle twitching
circumoral numbness
chvostek sign
trousseau sign
Erbs sign
seizures

chronic hypoCa sx

fatigue
depression
mental status
cataracts
up ICP
dry skin/hair
poor dentition

causes of hypoCa

hypoparathyroid
hypomagnesemia
vit D def/res
meds
ca def
acute panc
AHO

hypoparathyroid causes

autoimmune
post surg
infiltrative diseases
DiGeorge

diabetic skin complications

``` acrochorodns necrobiosis-lipodica-diabetacorum acanthosis nigracans eruptive xanthomas diabetic dermopathy ```

autonomic neuropathies

end stage DM gastroparesis unexplained tachycardia altered perspiration

ellenberg syndrome

cachexia/muscle wasting

MEN1

Wermer's syndrome, AD | pit adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia(MC), panc tumor

panc tumor (functional)

gastrinoma (ZE), insulinoma, glucagonoma, somatostatinoma

parathyroid hyperplasia (as part of MEN vs normal)

usually 4 gland hyper (instead of single adenoma) | presents in 2-4 decade (20 years earlier)

dx gastrinoma

secretin stim test (stim gastrin in nomas, suppress in normal) no H2 blockers for test

dx insulinoma

72 hr fast, check insulin/c-peptide | noma has elevated levels

glucagonomas

most are malignant | necrolytic migratory erythema (NME)

VIPomas

WDHA | watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria

somatostatinomas

most are malignant steatorrhea diabetes gallstones

dx somatostatinomas

elevated fasting somatostatin levels

MEN2A

``` Sipple's syndrome, AD RET defect hyperparathyroidism pheochromocytoma medullary thyroid carcinoma ```

MEN2B

pheochromocytoma medullary thyroid carcinoma mucosal neuromas marfanoid habitus

pheochromocytoma triad

episodic HTN HA diaphoresis

PGA1 aka

autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy

PGA 1 triad

chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis autoimmune hypoparathyroidism primary adrenal insufficiency +maybe other autoimmune

PGA2 aka

scmidts syndrome

PGA2 triad

DM1 Addisons autoimmune thyroid disease

primary hypogonadism levels (hypergonaotrophic)

low testosterone | high LH/FSH

secondary hypogonadism levels (hypogonaotrophic)

low TST | low LH/FSH

causes of prepuberty hyperGT hypogonadism

Klinefelters Noonans (Turners in males) XY/XO, leydig aplasia, cryptorchidism, trauma

causes of postpuberty hyperGT hypogonadism

testicular vericocele drug induced myotonic dystrophy radiation, trauma

causes of prepuberty hypoGT hypogonadism

Kallman syndrome Prader-Willi Laurence Moon, Bardet-Biedl

causes of postpuberty hypoGT hypogonadism

hyperprolactinemia | prolactinoma, psychotropic meds, hypothyroidism