Endocrine

Question 1

Anterior pituitary

Answer 1

Growth (GH)
Metabolism (TSH, ACTH)
Sexual development (FSH, LH)
Pigmentation (MSH)

Question 2

Posterior pituitary

Answer 2

Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)

Question 3

Adrenal cortex

Answer 3

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone- regulates F/E)
Corticosteroids (cortisol- regulates metabolism)
Androgens (masculinization)

Question 4

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 4

Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine- flight or flight)

Question 5

Most life threatening deficiencies

Answer 5

(adrenal and thyroid) ACTH and TSH

Question 6

Gigantism

Answer 6

Onset of growth hormone hypersecretion before puberty

Question 7

Acromegaly

Answer 7

Growth hormone hypersecretion after puberty

Question 8

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 8

Water metabolism problem caused by an ADH deficiency
symptoms of dehydrations
Increase in frequency of urination and excessive thirty
Dehydrations and hypertonic saline tests used for diagnosis
Urine diluted with low specific (

Question 9

SIADH

Answer 9

Vasopressin secreted even when plasma osmolarity is low or normal
Feedback mechanisms do not function properly
Water is retained, results in hyponatremia (decreased serum sodium level)

Question 10

Cushings S&S

Answer 10

Hyper-secretion of cortisol
General: moon face, buffalo hump, round torso, skinny legs, hirsutism
Cardio: HTN, bruising/petechiae
Skin: Thinning skin, striae, increased pigmentation
Musculoskeletal: Muscle atrophy, osteoporosis
Increased fasting glucose
More prone to infeciton

Question 11

Cushings Etiology

Answer 11

Women more likely than men
Adrenal hyperplasia, tumors, steroid use
Most common cause is a pituitary adenoma- ACTH over secretes which in turn causes over secretion of cortisol

Question 12

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 12

results in excessive secretion of catecholamines
AVOID PALPATION OF STOMACH
S&S Hypertensive crisis, pounding headache, palpitations, sweating, anxious, htn, flushed skin, tachycardia, may be hyperglycemic, nervous and excitable, tachypnea

Question 13

Addisons

Answer 13

Insufficiency of cortisol

Question 14

Addisonian crisis (acute adrenal insufficiency)

Answer 14

life threatening event, not enough cortisol and aldosterone, often in response to a stressful event 
Sodium decrease and Potassium increase rapidly 
Severe hypotension and vascular collapse
Hypoglycemia
Vitiligo - loss of pigmentation 
Renal shutdown 
Fatigue, weight loss, anorexia
Intervention: fluids, steroids, glucose

Question 15

Parathyroid gland

Answer 15

Secretes Parathormone (PTH) which regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism by altering bone resorption.
Increased PTH acts on kidney to retain Calcium and excrete Phosphorous.
Normal Calcium: 8.5-9

Question 16

Hyperparathyroid

Answer 16

Too much calcium >15
brittle bones, spontaneous fractures, increased affinity for kidney stones
Can give calcitonin to reduce calcium

Question 17

Hypoparathyroid

Answer 17

Not enough calcium

Question 18

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 18

Excessive TSH
Exophthalmos and photophobia
Hyperglycemia
Fine hair
Weight loss and increased appetite
Amenorrhea
Goiter 
Heat intolerance, diaphoresis
Tachycardia 
Graves disease is most common form

Question 19

Thyroid storm

Answer 19

A life-threatnening event from severe hyperthyroidism
Characterized by high fever, HTN, tachycardia
Immediately report a temp increase (even 1 degree)
Want to control BP and HR
Hyperthroidism- don’t give aspirin, instead you can give acetomeniphen

Question 20

Hypothyroidism

Answer 20

Myxedema 
Blank expression
Thick tongue
Low body temp, HR and BP
May have a goiter
Weight gain 
Intolerance to cold
hair loss

Question 21

Hypothyroidism Tx

Answer 21

Can treat with thyroid hormone -Synthroid or Levothroid q am