Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam Revision > Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

hashimotos thyroiditis

A 
hypothyroidism 
middle aged women
Anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase) +ve 
destruction of thyroid by CD8 T cells 
Smooth symmetrical goitre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
lethargy 
cold intolerance 
constipation 
menorrhagia 
depression 
weight gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

signs of hypothyroidism

A

cold hands
bradycardia
dry hair
goitre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blood results primary hypothyroidism

A

low T3+T4, High TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

blood results sub-clinical hypothyroidism

A

Increased TSH, normal T3+T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

blood results in secondary hypothyroidism

A

low TSH, low T3+T4

due to pituitary gland failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tx hypothryoidsim

A

thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lack of what substance can cause a mutlinodular goitre

A

iodine

- hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

primary hypothyroidism + no goitre

A

atrophic thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

neck lump that moves on sticking out tongue

A

thyroglossal cyst

thyroid moves on swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

midline soft swelling present in youth

A

dermoid cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cyst with cholesterol crystals on aspiration

A

branchial cyst

  • persisting second branchial arch
  • half filled hot water bottle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lymph filled cyst in axilla of 1 year old

A

cystic hygroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most common thyroid cancer

A

papillary

  • psomma bodies
  • orphanani nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2nd most common thyroid cancer

A

follicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does medullary thyroid cancer secrete

A

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tx thyroid cancer

A

total thyroidectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

features MEN1

A

Pituitary adenoma
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Pancreatic Islet cell tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

features MEN2

A

Phaeochromocytoma

Medullary thyroid cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A 
spasms 
parasthesia 
seizures 
anxiety 
- decreased PTH, decreased calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

most common pituitary tumour

A

prolactinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what can cause hyperprolactin

A

pregnancy
prolactinoma
metoclopramide
antipsychotics - risperidone/haloperidol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

symptoms of hyperprolactin

A

females present early

  • amenorrhea
  • infertility
  • decreased libido
  • galactorrhea

males present late

  • impotence
  • headahce
  • visual field defects
24
Q

1st line tx hyperprolactin

A

cabergoline (dopamine agonist)

- decreases prolactin secretion + decreases tumour size

25
Q

2ns line tx hyperprolactin

A

trans-sphenoidal excision

26
Q

acromegaly

A

caused by GHRH secreting pituitary tumour

  • thickened soft tissue
  • headache
  • hypertension
  • sweating
  • carpal tunnel
27
Q

diagnostic test for acromegaly

A

glucose tolerance test

- GH fails to suppress glucose

28
Q

tx acromegaly

A

trans sphenoidal excision

29
Q

cushings

A

chronic glucocorticoid excess causing

  • hypertension
  • osteoporosis
  • proximal myopathy
  • diabetes
  • acne/hirsutism
30
Q

symptoms of cushings

A 
moon face
acne / hirsutism 
obesity 
striae 
thin skin 
oligo/amenorrhoea
31
Q

what causes ATCH independent cushings

A

Iatrogenic steroids
adrenal adenoma
DECREASED ACTH - excess cortisol being produced by adrenals so ACTH production decreased by -ve feedback

32
Q

what causes ATCH dependent cushings

A

Cushings disease
- bilateral adrenal hyperplasia due to ACTH secreting pituitary tumours – lots of ACTH being produced causing high cortisol

Ectopic ACTH

  • small cell lung cancer
  • carcinoid tumour
33
Q

screening tests for cushings

A

24h urinary free cortisol

Overnight dexamethasone 1mg suppression test

34
Q

definitive test for cushings

A

2 day 2mg dexamethasone test

  • low dose
  • tells you there is cushings, but not where from
35
Q

diagnostic cushings test

A

High dose dexamethasone suppression test

- 2 mg dexamethasone 6 hourly

36
Q

results of high dose dexamethasone test

A

pituitary – will suppress cortisol
ectopic – will not suppress cortisol
adrenal – will not suppress cortisol

37
Q

difference between adrenal and ectopic cushings

A

high ACTH in ectopic

38
Q

Tx cushings disease

A

trans-sphenoidal surgery

39
Q

Tx adrenal cushings

A

adrenelectomy

40
Q

Tx ectopic cushings

A

remove cause

41
Q

Conns syndrome

A

primary hyperaldosteronism

-excess aldosterone independent of RAAS caused by adrenal adenoma

42
Q

what blood results should make you suspect Conns

A

hypertension + hypokalaemia

43
Q

what else causes primary hyperaldosteronism

A

bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

44
Q

screening for hyperaldosteronism

A

plasma aldosterone: renin ratio

- >750 suggests hyperaldosteronism

45
Q

diagnostic hyperaldosteronism

A

saline suppression test

- failure to suppress by 50% is diagnostic

46
Q

Tx hyperaldosteronism

A

bilateral adrenal hyperplasia – spironolactone

conns – adrenelectomy

47
Q

what is Addison’s disease

A

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

- deficiency of mineralocorticoids + steroids

48
Q

symptoms of Addison’s

A 
anorexia 
weight loss
fatigue 
dizziness
increased skin pigmentation - buccal mucosa/skin creases
49
Q

blood results Addison’s

A

low sodium
high potassium
hypoglycaemia

50
Q

diagnostic of Addison’s

A

short synATCHen test

  • ATCH given to try and increase cortisol
  • no change in cortisol as it is not being produced
51
Q

Tx Addison’s

A

hydrocortisone + fludrocortisone

52
Q

what can cause secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

problem with hypothalamus/pituitary

  • steroids – suppress HPA axis
  • sheehans syndrome (post labour hypopituitism)
53
Q

Addisonian crisis

A

Increase HR
Decrease BP
Confusion
Hypoglycaemia

provoked by infection/trauma

Tx 100mg IV hydrocortisone

54
Q

what is the zona glomerulosa regulated by? what does it produce?

A

regulated by potassium
produces mineralocorticoids
e.g. aldosterone

55
Q

what part of the adrenal cortex produces cortisol

A

zona fasciculata

56
Q

what regulates the zona fasiculata

A

ACTH

Exam Revision (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions