Endocrine Flashcards
What is Graves’ Disease?
Excess thyroid hormone; autoimmune disease
Symptoms include fine hair, muscle wasting, weight loss, exophthalmia, and tachycardia.
List symptoms of Graves’ Disease.
- Fine hair
- Muscle wasting & weight loss
- Exophthalmia
- Tachycardia
These symptoms are indicative of excess thyroid hormone production.
What is Cushing’s Disease?
Excess cortisol,
Symptoms include high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, moon face, fat pad between shoulders, thin skin and hair, and poor wound healing.
List symptoms of Cushing’s Disease.
- High blood pressure
- Abdominal obesity
- Moon face
- Fat pad between shoulders
- Thin skin and hair
- Poor wound healing
These symptoms are due to excess cortisol levels.
What is Gigantism?
Excess growth hormone during childhood
Symptoms include abnormal growth in height or size, weakness, and insomnia.
List symptoms of Gigantism.
- Abnormal growth in height or size
- Weakness
- Insomnia
Occurs before growth plates on bones have closed.
What is Pituitary Dwarfism?
Growth hormone deficiency,
Symptoms include short stature with normal body proportions and low levels of other hormones.
List symptoms of Pituitary Dwarfism.
- Short stature with normal body proportions
- Sometimes associated with lower levels of other hormones
This condition arises from insufficient growth hormone.
What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
Excess melatonin,
Symptoms include low energy, feeling listless, oversleeping, and weight gain.
List symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
- Low energy and feeling sluggish
- Feeling listless, sad, or down
- Oversleeping
- Weight gain
These symptoms are linked to seasonal changes in light exposure.
What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?
Insulin deficiency, autoimmune
Must be treated with insulin. Symptoms include high blood sugar, frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, and weight loss.
List symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.
- High blood sugar
- Frequent urination
- Increased thirst
- Increased hunger
- Weight loss
These symptoms result from insufficient insulin.
What is Acromegaly?
Excess growth hormone in adulthood,
Symptoms include enlarged bones in the face, hands, and feet, headaches, and enlarged heart.
List symptoms of Acromegaly.
- Enlarged bones in face, hands, and feet
- Headaches
- Enlarged heart
This condition occurs after growth plates have closed.
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Antidiuretic hormone deficiency,
Symptoms include large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst.
List symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus.
- Large amounts of dilute urine
- Increased thirst
This condition affects the body’s ability to regulate water balance.
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones
integral role in normal bodily processes.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
Functions in neural and endocrine signaling, producing and secreting many hormones.
How does the hypothalamus connect to the pituitary gland?
infundibulum.
What are releasing hormones?
Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulate the anterior pituitary.
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
A network of blood vessels passing through the infundibulum that enables hypothalamic hormones to travel into the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
Which cells produce prolactin?
Lactotropic cells.
Which cells are responsible for producing growth hormone?
Somatotropic cells.
What type of cells secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Thyrotropic cells.
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) target?
Corticotropic cells.
Which hormones are produced by the gonadotropic cells?
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary made of?
Neural tissue (neurohypophysis).
What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?
A bundle of axons that connects the hypothalamic nuclei with the posterior pituitary gland.
Which hormone is secreted by the paraventricular nucleus?
Oxytocin.
Which hormone is produced by the supraoptic nucleus?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?
Responsible for synthesis of thyroid hormone.
What type of cells produce thyroid hormone?
Follicular cells.
What hormone is secreted by parafollicular cells?
Calcitonin.
What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
Regulates calcium levels in the blood.
What is the primary role of the thymus?
Involved in the development and maturation of T-cells.
What hormones are produced by thymic epithelial cells?
Thymosins.
What are the dual functions of the pancreas?
Exocrine and endocrine functions.
What hormone is produced by alpha cells in the pancreas?
Glucagon.
What hormone is produced by beta cells in the pancreas?
Insulin.
What is the function of the adrenal cortex?
Regulates stress response, blood pressure, and electrolyte levels.
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
What hormone is associated with the zona glomerulosa?
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone).
What hormone is secreted by the zona fasciculata?
Glucocorticoids (cortisol).
What hormones are produced by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
What is the primary function of the pineal gland?
Regulating the sleep-wake cycle.
What hormone is produced by pinealocytes?
Melatonin.
What hormones are produced by the ovaries?
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
Which cells secrete testosterone in the testes?
Interstitial cells.
what hormones are amines?
Thyroid hormone
epinepherine
norepinepherine
melatonin
what hormones are steroids?
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
androgens
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
