Endocrine Flashcards
state five ways that the endocrine system maintains homeostasis
Alters metabolism
Regulates growth & development
Regulates reproduction
Regulates circadian rhythm
Regulates BGL
(ARRRR)
Explain the difference in receptor location for both water & lipid soluble hormones
Water soluble: bind to receptors ON cell membranes
Lipid soluble: diffuse THROUGH cell membrane & bind to receptors
Why can water soluble hormones NOT be administered through the oral route?
As they are destroyed by digestion and must be injected
Describe the difference between endocrine & exocrine glands and give an example of each.
Endo: secrete into interstitial fluid, then diffuse into blood. E.g Hypothalamus, testes, ovaries.
Exo: secrete into ducts which carry products to target site. E.g sweat glands
Which organ has both endo and exocrine function
The pancreas
State how hormones are inactivated & excreted from the body
Inactivated by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.
I.E: metabolised in the liver and excreted in the urine.
Describe three stimuli that trigger hormone secretion
Signals from the nervous system,
levels of chemicals in the blood,
Another hormone.
Describe the structure and location of the pituitary gland
Divided into the Anterior and Posterior lobes. Is attached to the hypothalamus (inferior)
Where are the posterior pituitary hormones produced
Hypothalamus
Describe three clinical situations that arise from altered secretion of GH
Hyposecretion:
results in dwarfism
Hypersecretion: Childhood
Results in gigantism
Hypersecretion: Adulthood
Results in acromegaly
-Bones do not grow, but hands, feet & jaw grow.
Describe two clinical conditions associated with altered secretion of thyroxine
Hypothyroidism:
decreased level of thyroxine & slow HR, low temp, lethargy & weight gain.
-More common in females.
Hyperthyroidism:
Over-activity of the thyroid gland that causes increased metabolic rate, rapid HR, high temp, high BP, weight loss.
May also cause bulging eyes and swelling in neck.
What mineral is needed by the body to produce thyroxine
Iodine
State the location of the adrenal glands
Superiorly attached to the kidneys
What two divisions make up the adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex & Adrenal medulla
State a clinical situation where glucocorticoids (cortisol) might be prescribed
Chronic inflammation,
Organ transplant.
Name two situations that would cause the release of adrenaline
Stress & exercise
State three uses for calcium in the body
Bone & teeth maintenance,
Blood clotting,
Muscle contraction,
regulation of heart rhythm
What is calcitriol also called?
Active vitamin D
What cells secrete Insulin & Glucagon
Pancreatic beta islet cells
State the location of the Pineal gland
attached to the roof of the third ventricle
Name the three stages of the stress response
Fight or Flight, Resistance reaction, Exhaustion
Name the hormone for stage 1 stress response
Adrenaline
Name the hormone for stage 2 stress response
Cortisol
Describe the long term effects of prolonged cortisol
Cardiovascular disease,
immune suppression,
sleep disruption.
