endocrine Flashcards
cavernous sinus syndrome affects which cranial nerves?
a) II
b) III
c) IV
d) V
e) VI
f) VII
III, IV, ophthalmic branch of V, VI.
can affect only one side.
Cavernous sinus syndrome is characterised by internal and external ophthalmoplegia and sensory deficits over the head due to combined deficits of the three cranial nerves (CNs) responsible for the eye movements and pupil function (CN III, IV, VI) and at least one branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
can be caused by any disease in the cavernous sinus.
lack of parasympathetic stimulation of the eye causing mydriasis (dilation?)
the hypophyseal fossa is in which bone?
basisphenoid
the caudal limit of the hypophyseal fossa is called the…
a) tuberculum sellae
b) dorsum sellae
B
tuberculum sellae
which hormones come from the neurohypophysis/ pars nervosa (multiple)?
a) oxytocin
b) GH
c) ACTH
d) vasopressin
e) TSH
f) FSH & LH
g) prolactin
h) MSH
oxytocin and vesopressin
which hormone comes from the pars intermedia of the pituitary?
a) oxytocin
b) GH
c) ACTH
d) vasopressin
e) TSH
f) FSH & LH
g) prolactin
h) MSH
MSH, Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
pars intermedia is one part of the adenophyophysis
which hormone comes from the pars distalis ?
a) oxytocin
b) GH
c) ACTH
d) vasopressin
e) TSH
f) FSH & LH
g) prolactin
h) MSH
GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH and LH
Prolactin
how is the neurohypophysis/ pars nervosa connected to the hypothalamus?
a) direct neural connection
b) direct vascular connection
A
how is the adenohypophysis/ pars distalis and intermedia connected to the hypothalamus?
a) direct neural connection
b) direct vascular connection
B
the adenohypophysis embryologically originates from the…
a) neuroectoderm
b) oral ectoderm
c) stomoderm
B
the medulla of the adrenal glands produces which hormones?
a) epinephrine
b) glucocorticoids
c) norepinephrine
d) androgens
A, C- catecholamines
the inner part of the adrenal
the cortex of the adrenal is split in to 3 zones. what are the zones and what hormone do they produce?
zona glomerulosa (outer)- mineralocorticoid (aldorsterone)
zona fasciculata (middle)- glucocorticoids
zona reticularis (inner)- androgens (sex hormones)
in a paper about venous drainage of the adrenals and phrenicoabdominal veins in cats, which drainages was most common
a) the left phrenicoabdominal vein drained in to the cdvc all the time and the right phrenicoabdominal vein drained in to the cdvc most of the time
b) the right phrenicoabdominal vein drained in to the cdvc all the time and the left phrenicoabdominal vein drained in to the cdvc most of the time
c) the left phrenicoabdominal vein drained in to the left renal vein all the time and the right phrenicoabdominal vein drained in to the right renal vein most of the time
d) the right phrenicoabdominal vein drained in to the right renal vein all the time and the left phrenicoabdominal vein drained in to the left renal vein most of the time
B
In the first type, found in 65 cases (50.8%),
the LPhAbd vein drained directly into the caudal vena cava. In the second type defined IIa, found in 25 cases (19.5%), the LPhAbd vein drained into the distal third of the left renal vein, less than 5 mm from its opening into the caudal vena cava. In the third type
defined IIb, found in 38 cases (29.7%), the LPhAbd vein drained into the distal third of the left renal vein, more than5mmfrom its opening into the caudal vena cava. The right phrenicoabdominal vein had a consistent path and drained into the caudal vena cava in
all cases
where is the pineal gland and what hormone is produced there?
a) fourth ventricle, melatonin
b) third ventricle, FSH
c) third ventricle, melatonin
d) fourth ventricle, FSH
C,
Small outgrowth at the caudal aspect of the roof of the 3rd
ventricle and directly before the rostral colliculi
iodide is trapped in the thyroid gland by…
a) passive diffusion
b) active transport
c) passive transport
B. Active transport of iodide into the follicular cell via the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). This is actually secondary active transport, and the sodium gradient driving it is maintained by a sodium-potassium ATPase.
thyroglobulin, the precursor to thyroid hormones, is made of… and stored in the follicles as colloid.
a) tyrosine
b) alanine
c) leucine
d) tryptophan
A
high thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) levels have a negative feedback on… causing reduced release of the hormone…
a) adenohypophysis, TRH
b) hypothalamus, TRH
c) adenohypophysis, TSH
d) hypothalamus, TSH
B.
Opposite:
The hypothalamus detects a low plasma concentration of thyroid hormone and releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into the hypophyseal portal system.
TRH binds to receptors found on thyrotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary gland, causing them to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into the systemic circulation. TSH binds to TSH receptors on the basolateral membrane of thyroid follicular cells and induces the synthesis and release of thyroid hormone.
which of the the following is false about thyroid hormone function?
a) increased HR and contraction force
b) increased systolic blood pressure
c) decreased renal blood flow and GFR
d) small amounts of thyroid hormone lead to glycogenogenesis, large amounts cause glucogenolysis
C, opposite
high levels of cortisol have negative feedback on which hormone at what level?
a) CRH, hypothalamus, and ACTH, pituitary
b) ARH, hypothalamus
c) ACTH, hypothalamus
d) CRH, hypothalamus
D both levels
CRH- corticotrophin releasing hormone.
What are the effects of cortisol (multiple)?
a) increases blood glucose due to effects on the liver
b) protein anabolism
c) lipolysis
d) helps norepi and epi cause vascular constriction
e) pro- inflammatory
A, C, D correct
B, E- opposite
also other effects
increased potassium causes…
a) increased aldosterone secretion
b) decreased aldosterone secretion
A
increased angiotensin II causes…
a) increased aldosterone secretion
b) decreased aldosterone secretion
A
increased ACTH causes…
a) increased aldosterone secretion
b) decreased aldosterone secretion
c) is necessary for release of aldosterone, but has little control of secretion
C
which of these is not an effect of aldosterone?
a) increased resorption of potassium from the kidneys
b) increased resorption of sodium from the kidneys
c) increased extracellular fluid volume
d) increased intestinal resorption of sodium
A, causes excretion of potassium
how can hyperadrenocorticism lead to respiratory signs? Multiple
PTEs
alveolar microlithiasis
increased fat in the thorax
