Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
define type 1 diabetes mellitus ?
A
an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of beta islet cells of the pancreas, prevalence of 2 in 1000
2
Q
T1DM is associated with ??
A
other autoimmune disease (celiac, thyroid)
3
Q
presentation of T1DM? 2
A
- classic triad: polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
- DKA: abdominal pain, confusion, kussmaul respiration
4
Q
diagnosis can be made by any of ? 4
A
- fasting glucose > or equal to 7 mol/L
- classic triad of symptoms + random glucose > or equal to 11mmol/L
- oral glucose tolerance test (>11 mol/L)
- HbA1c > or equal to 48 mol/L (6.5%
5
Q
pharmacologic Management of T1DM ? goals of management
A
- basal-bolus regimen: 1 morning basal dose of insulin glargine, 3 pre-prandial bolus doses of insulin Novorapid
- continuous insulin pump
6
Q
non-pharmacologic management of
A
- monitor growth
- education, healthy diet, keep dairy of episodes and diet
- no sick day rule – do not stop insulin when sick
7
Q
complications of T1DM? 3
A
- DKA
- microvascular (nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy)
- Microvascular
8
Q
presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis ?
A
- abdominal pain
- vomitting
- confusion
9
Q
diagnosis of DKA requires? 3
A
- hyperglycaemia: random blood glucose > 11 mol/L
- metabolic acidosis (VBG pH <7.3 or bicarbonates < 15
- ketones: blood ketones > 3 mmol/L or +2 urine dipstick
10
Q
management of DKA?
A
- treat precipitant: dehydration, infection, drugs
- IV 0.9% saline for 1 hour (+K If hypokalemic) then start basal insulin and switch to 5% dextrose
11
Q
clinical features of hypothyroidism?
A
- dry and cold skin
- constipation
- coarse features,
- goitre
12
Q
2 broad types of hypothyroidism ?
A
- congenital
- acquired
13
Q
what is the prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism?
A
1 in 4000
14
Q
congenital hypothyroidism is associated with? big thing in infants
A
developmental delay
15
Q
congenital hypothyroidism is part of the newborn …. test
A
heelprick
