Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BCGP > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the expected extent of decrease of A1c of metformin?

A

1.5-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

A

decrease gluconeogenesis and increase insulin sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what level of renal function should metformin dosing be reduced?

A

< 45mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extent of effect on A1c of sulfonylureas?

A

1.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?

A

Increase Beta cell secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?

A

Enhance insulin sensitivity > decrease gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which DPP4 inhibitors increase heart failure hospitalization risk?

A

Saxagliptin and alogliptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which GLP1 has renal benefit?

A

Liraglutide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the expected extent of effect on A1c of tirzepatide?

A

1.5-2.3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which biphosphonates are indicated for steroid induced prevention of osteoporosis?

A

Risedronate, zoledronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which biphosphonates are indicated for treatment of steroid induced osteoporosis?

A

Alendronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which biphosphates are indicated for treatment of osteoporosis in men?

A

Alendronate, Risedronate, zoledronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the timeframe to fracture risk reduction from initiation of biphosphonate treatment?

A

6-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is the Plateau of therapeutic affect after biphosphonate treatment initiation ?

A

2-5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diagnostic criteria for diabetes (US units) (2)

A

HbA1C >= 6.5%
8-hour fasting plasma glucose >= 126 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which conditions result in
Decreased reliability of hemoglobin A1c, for diagnosing diabetes?

A

Increased RBC turnover: sickle cell disease, hemodialysis, recent blood loss/transfusion, EPO therapy, some HIV drugs, iron deficiency anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the average Plasma glucose of a patient with an A1c of 7%?

A

154 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A Change in A1c by 1% changes the plasma glucose average by how many milligram/dL?

A

30 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A1c goal for an older adult with fewer than 3 medical conditions and intact cognition?

A

Under 7-7.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A1c goal for an older adult with 3 or more medical conditions, impairment in ADLs or mild-moderate cognitive impairment?

A

Under 8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Very complex/poor health patients A1c goal?

A

Not applicable.
Focus on avoiding hypoglycemia and symptomatic hyperglycemia. Pre-meal glucose goal 100 -180 mg/dL
Bedtime glucose goal 110 to 220 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Glycemic goals for an older adult with 3 or more medical conditions, impairment in ADLs or mild-moderate cognitive impairment?

A

Pre-meal glucose 90 -150 mg/dL
Bedtime glucose 100 -180 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which GLP1s have demonstrated cardiorenal risk reduction?

A

Dulaglutide
Liraglutide
Semaglutide (inj)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which SGLT2s have demonstrated cardiorenal risk reduction?

A

Canagliflozin
Dapagliflozin
Empagliflozin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hypoglycemia symptoms
Shaky Light-headed Nausea Nervous Irritable Anxious Confused Unable to concentrate Hungry Increased heart rate Sweaty, headachy Weak, drowsy Numbness or tingling of tongue or lips
26
Hyperglycemia symptoms
Tired Thirsty Increased urinary frequency
27
What is the starting dose for basal insulin?
10-20 units Or 0.1-0.2 units/kg/day
28
Duration of action of Detemir insulin?
14-24 hours
29
What is an appropriate speed of titration for long acting insulins?
2 units Every three days, slower for degludec
30
What is the initial dosing of inhaled insulin?
Four units
31
What is the speed of dose titration of inhaled insulin?
4 units twice weekly
32
What is the onset of action of degludec insulin?
1-2 hours
33
What is the dose for initiation of short acting or regular insulin?
4 units. Or 10% of the basal insulin dose
34
What is the onset of action of Lispro and other rapid acting analog insulins?
5 to 15 minutes 
35
What is the peak effect of rapid acting insulins?
45-75 minutes
36
How do you initiate u-500 insulins?
80% percent of all their total daily doses of basal plus prandial insulins. Administer to the three times a day. largest dose at breakfast.
37
What is the starting dose of Soliqua (No prior basal insulin)?
15 units
38
What is the starting dose (No prior insulin) of Xultophy?
10 units
39
The maximum dose of Xultophy is:
50 units
40
The maximum dose of Soliqua is:
60 units
41
common symptoms of hypothyroidism in older adults (4):
Fatigue dyspnea. Changes in taste/hearing Ataxia 
42
Defining labs for overt hypothyroidism
TSH greater than 10 mIU/L Free T4 under 0.7 ng/dL
43
Subclinical hypothyroidism-lab results
TSH 4 to under 10 Free T4 normal
44
What would be an equivalent levothyroxine dose for a patient receiving liothyronine 12.5 µg daily 
Levothyroxine 50 mcg daily
45
What is the equivalent levothyroxine dose for a patient receiving desiccated porcine thyroid, one grain/60 mg daily
Levothyroxine 100 mcg daily
46
Which drugs increase protein or binding, and therefore decrease the activity of thyroid hormones?
Estrogen Estrogen agonist/antagonist. Methadone. 5-FU. Liver disease HIV
47
Which drugs decrease proteins or binding and therefore increase the activity of thyroid hormones?
Acute illness Androgens Anti epilepsy drugs Corticosteroids. Furosemide. Salicylates.
48
Which conditions impair absorption of thyroid hormones?
Celiac disease. Chronic diarrhea. G.I. bypass surgery
49
Which Medications reduce absorption of thyroid hormones?
Minerals. Fiber. Acid suppression therapy. Foods Bile acid sequestrants
50
Osteoporosis medication risk factors
Glucocorticoid (5 mg of prednisone equivalent for >= 3 months) Anti-androgens Thyroid supplementation AEDs Aluminum PPIs TZDs
51
How much does a 10% decrease in bone mass increase fracture risk ?
1.5-2.5 times
52
Osteopenia definition
T-score -1 to -2.5
53
Osteoporosis definition
T-score -2.5 or less Or fragility fracture Or Osteopenia + 10 yr probability >= 3% for hip fracture or >=20 % for major osteoporotic fracture
54
Deficiency of vitamin D, serum level:
< 20 ng/mL
55
Which osteoporosis treatment medications are for those at highest risk i.e. fractured hip over 4.5% or major OPC fracture risk over 30%, multiple fractures, T score less than or equal to 3)
Abaloparatide Denosumab Romosumab Teriparatide Zoledronic acid
56
Biphosphonates should not be used with what medications (2)?
Diuretics Nephrotoxic drugs
57
What is the labelled maximum duration of treatment of abaloparatide?
2 years
58
What is the dose of abaloparatide?
80 mg SQ daily
59
What is romosozumab approved for?
Treatment of post menopausal women at high risk of fracture
60
What is the black box warning for romosozumab?
Increased risk of stroke, MI and CV death
61
What is romosozumab dosing?
210 mg monthly ( for 12 months)
62
Which medications or substance use can make sensor readings higher than actual glucose when using CGM?
Acetaminophen > 4g/day Alcohol Ascorbic acid > 500 mg/day Hydroxyurea
63
What goals are appropriate for those using continuous glucose monitoring who are frail or at high risk of hypoglycemia?
How many rains over 50% with time below range less than 1%
64
What blood glucose is considered level 2 hyperglycemia?
> 250 mg/dL
65
What blood glucose is level 1 hyperglycemia?
181-250 mg/dL
66
What blood glucose is level 1 hypoglycemia?
54-69 mg/dL
67
What blood glucose is level 2 hypoglycemia?
< 54 mg/dL
68
At what fasting triglyceride level should medical therapy be initiated?
>= 500 mg/dL
69
What is the target bedtime glucose for complex/ intermediate patient?
100-180 mg/dL
70
What is the target fasting or preprandial glucose for a complex/intermediate patient?
90-150 mg/dL

BCGP (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions