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Histology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the pineal gland?

A

Regulates circadian rhythms; obtains info about light and dark cycles

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2
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete & what does this hormone do?

A

Melatonin- Release is stimulated by sympathetic neurons at night
Melatonin regulates daily body rhythms; involved in seasonal affective disorder

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3
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid?

A

Thyroid follicle

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4
Q

A thyroid follicle is_____

A

a mass of colloid surrounded by follicular cells

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5
Q

What do thyroid follicular cells produce?

A

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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6
Q

What is the main function of T3 and T4?

A

REGULATE BASAL METABOLISM!!!

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7
Q

What is the best combination of coffee flavors?

A

Raspberry and French Vanilla

Cinnamon = fail

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8
Q

How are thyroid hormones regulated?

A

Negative feedback: When T3 and T4 levels reach a certain threshold, TRH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited

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9
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism: Excessive thyroid hormones in circulation; caused by antibodies overstimulating thyroid follicular cells (autoimmune)

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10
Q

What produces calcitonin and what does it do?

A

Made by parafollicular cells; lowers blood calcium

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11
Q

What is the parathyroid gland?

A

Small endocrine gland associated with thyroid gland; Humans have 4 of them

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12
Q

What is the function of the principal (aka chief) cells of the parathyroid?

A

Secrete PTH; PTH regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood; causes increase in blood Ca2+ levels

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13
Q

What are the 3 cells found in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

A cells: secrete glucagon
B cells: secrete insulin
D cells: secrete somatostatin

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14
Q

What is the function of the 3 hormones secreted by the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Insulin: Uptake and storage of glucose; stimulates pancreas exocrine secretion

Glucagon: Breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose; inhibits pancreas exocrine secretion

Somatostatin: Unclear, but it does inhibit both glucose and insulin secretion

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15
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

Know these for practical

A

(from inside to out)
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

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16
Q

Describe the blood supply to the medulla of the adrenal gland

A

It has Dual Blood Supply: Arterial blood from medullary arterioles and venous blood from cortical sinusoidal capillaries

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17
Q

What does the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Steroid hormones

18
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids (Ex. aldosterone); Regulates Na and K balance and H2O homeostasis

19
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids (Ex. cortisol); Regulate glucose synthesis and glycogen formation, Depress immune function and inflammation

20
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Weak androgens and small amount of glucocorticoids

21
Q

What are the main cells of the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

22
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A

Catecholamines; Dense core vesicles secrete norepinephrine & smaller clear vesicles secrete epinephrine

Responsible for “adrenal rush”

23
Q

Practice questions from Herron

A

1) Which of the following is produced by the pineal gland? Melatonin
2) What are the characteristics of someone with Graves Disease? High levels of T3 and T4

24
Q

Paracrine vs. endocrine hormones?

A

Paracrine hormones have more local effects, and are secreted to interstitial tissues rather than into the bloodstream like endocrine hormones are

25
Q

What types of molecules are hormones?

A
  1. Steroids (like gonadal, adrenocortical)
  2. Small peptides, proteins, glycoproteins
  3. Amino acid derivatives (catecholamines), iodinated aa’s (thyroid hormones), and derivatives like PGs
26
Q

Alternate names for anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior - adenohypophysis

Posterior - neurohypophysis

27
Q

What are the pituitary lobes derived from?

A

Anterior - from neuroectoderm

Posterior - from ectoderm (Rafke’s pouch in the mouth)

28
Q

Components of the neurohypophysis?

A

Infundibulum, Pars nervosa

29
Q

Components of the adenohypophysis?

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

30
Q

What nuclei signal the posterior pituitary and what hormones are they responsible for?

A 
paraventricular nucleus (ADH)
supraoptic nucleus (oxytocin)
31
Q

Where are pituicytes found?

A

They make up the majority of the pars nervosa (rest are astrocytes)

32
Q

Function of the pars tuberalis?

A

Immunoreactive to ACTH, FSH, LH

33
Q

What cells are found in the pars distalis?

A
  1. acidophils - somatotropes, lactotropes (not endocrine!)
  2. basophils - gonadotropes, thyrotropes, corticotropes
  3. chromophobes
34
Q

What cells are found in the pars intermedia?

A

Colloid follicles, basophils, chromophils

35
Q

Function of oxytocin?

A

Regulates smooth muscle contraction during pregnancy in the uterus and myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland

36
Q

Function of ADH/vasopressin?

A

Control of water retention by the kidneys. Inadequacy results in diabetes insipidus

37
Q

Where are Herring bodies found?

A

Near the axonal terminals of neurosecretory cells from PVN and SON

38
Q

Function of basophils?

A

trophic hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands

39
Q

Function of acidophils?

A

growth hormones that act directly on target hormones (not endocrine in nature)

40
Q

Describe the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus

A

They are stimulatory hormones released in spurts that go via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal vein to the basophils and acidophils of the anterior pituitary

41
Q

What are the 2 inhibitory releasing hormones?

A

dopamine and somatostatin

Histology (5 decks)

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