Endocrine

Question 1

two major communication systems in the body

Answer 1

nervous system and endocrine system

Question 2

nervous system vs endocrine system

Answer 2

nervous: fast processes or immediate actions, movement, thought, breathing, heartbeat

endocrine: slower processes, growth, metabolism, maintaining electrolyte balance, immune response

Question 3

two types of glands in the body

Answer 3

exocrine glands and endocrine glands

Question 4

exocrine glands

Answer 4

secrete their products on to the surface of skin or mucosa by ducts

Question 5

endocrine glands

Answer 5

produce hormones
chemical messengers
regulate body functions
secrete hormones directly into without use of ducts

Question 6

hormones

Answer 6

affect more than one type of cell or tissue
have different effects on each type of tissue
some require assistance from other hormones

Question 7

target cells

Answer 7

cells having receptors for a specific hormone

Question 8

tropic hormones

Answer 8

hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target

Question 9

endocrine glands

Answer 9

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
parathyroid gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
testis
ovary

Question 10

what works in conjunction to cover the endocrine system

Answer 10

hypothalamus
pituitary gland

Question 11

negative feedback system

Answer 11

when the hypothalamus notices a drop in a particular hormone it sends a message to the pituitary gland to secrete a tropic or releasing hormone

Question 12

positive feedback system

Answer 12

cause an amplification of an endocrine reaction

Question 13

all endocrine disorders come down to

Answer 13

hypersecretion
hyposecretion

Question 14

role of hypothalamus

Answer 14

to signal pituitary to release hormones

Question 15

hypothalamus and pituitary gland disorders

Answer 15

diabetes insipidus
hypopituitarism
growth hormone hypersecretion (acromegaly)

Question 16

diabetes insipidus is not related to

Answer 16

diabetes mellitus

Question 17

dental implications of diabetes insipidus

Answer 17

patients may suffer from hyposalivation/xerostomia
risk of increased caries
treatment protocols: fluoride treatments, saliva substitutes, xylitol products

Question 18

hypopituitarism dental implications

Answer 18

delayed eruption of primary and permanent teeth, delayed exfoliation of primary dentition, malocclusion in children

Question 19

dental implications of acromegaly

Answer 19

enlargement of mandible and maxilla
class III occlusion and separated teeth
enlarged tongue (macroglossia), fissures
ortho tx difficult

Question 20

thyroid gland disorders

Answer 20

thyroid goiter
hypothyroidism
hyperthyroidism

Question 21

a thyroid goiter can be observed in

Answer 21

the head and neck exam

Question 22

hypothyroidism perioral and oral characteristics

Answer 22

facial and oral edema
enlarged gingival tissues and tongue
delayed exfoliation of primary teeth
delayed eruption of both dentitions
pharyngeal edema
goiter may be present

Question 23

dental implications of hypothyroidism

Answer 23

gingival edema
pseudoanodontia

Question 24

thyroid storm

Answer 24

a crisis or life-threatening condition characterized by an exaggeration of the usual physiologic response seen in hyperthyroidism

Question 25

hyperthyroidism perioral and intraoral characteristics

Answer 25

children: early exfoliation of primary, early eruption of permanent teeth
adults: increased risk of dental erosion due to acids, increased risk of perio disease and/or caries, burning mouth syndrome, osteoporosis of the mandible or maxilla

Question 26

dental implications of hyperthyroidism

Answer 26

topical fluoride for erosion and caries
monitoring of exfoliation and eruption
epinephrine and atropine are contraindicated

Question 27

parathyroid gland is needed for

Answer 27

calcium balance in the body for normal muscle function and needed for stimulation of vitamin D

Question 28

parathyroid gland disorders

Answer 28

hypoparathyroidism
hyperparathyroidism

Question 29

hypoparathyroidism dental implications

Answer 29

young children developing dentition undergoes hypoplastic changes that can result in pitting of the enamel and abnormal tooth form or number

Question 30

hyperparathyroidism dental implications

Answer 30

demineralization seen in mandible and maxilla
radiographs may show loss of trabecular detail or show cystic appearance
take PAN if suspected
lamina dura may be partially or completely missing
teeth may loosen
implants may not be an option
pulps may completely calcify if renal disease