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Pathology > Basic Pathology > Flashcards

Basic Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

pathology

A

the study of abnormal conditions that may result from one or more of the following:
disease, traumatic injury, structural or biochemical errors, genetic abnormalities

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2
Q

etiology and terms

A

first element in the cause of a disease, can be a single entity or event or multiple cause
extrinsic
intrinsic
psychogenic
idiopathic
multifactorial

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3
Q

extrinsic etiology

A

microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, viruses
physical agents: temperature, ultrasound, UV radiation, microwaves, lasers
chemical: poison, acid, venom, drugs, lead, mercury
mechanical agents: knives, guns, motor vehicle accidents
nutritional deficiencies: scurvy, rickets, obesity
iatrogenic: infective endocarditis, hospital infection, results from activity of physicians

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4
Q

intrinsic etiology

A

genetic sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, some breast cancers
immunologic: autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hypersensitivity: allergies
degenerative: osteoporosis, osteoarthritis

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5
Q

psychogenic etiology

A

conscious or subconscious reactions or attitudes
posttraumatic stress disorder

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6
Q

idiopathic etiology

A

arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause
unknown
fibromyalgia

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7
Q

multifactorial etiology

A

more than one causative factor
primary hypertension
most cancers

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8
Q

resistance

A

natural ability of an organism to remain unaffected by pathogenic or toxic agents

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9
Q

susceptibility

A

conditions within or around the organism or host do not inhibit the action of pathogenic agents but instead leave the host more likely to be affected

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10
Q

resistance and susceptibility are affected by what factors

A

genetics
immune system dysfunction
first line defense
age
lifestyle
stress
environment
preexisting conditions
multiple risk factors

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11
Q

how do genetics affect resistance and susceptibility

A

(susceptibility) members of a genetic lineage may have a higher risk of developing a disease or condition than someone from another group

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12
Q

how does immune system dysfunction affect resistance and susceptibility

A

resistance: natural ability of an organism to remain unaffected by pathogenic or toxic agents
susceptibility: an organism’s mechanisms do not inhibit the pathogenic agents
exocrine glands: sweat and sebaceous glands, lining the GI tract and respiratory tract
compromised first-line defenses

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13
Q

how does first line defence affect resistance and susceptibility

A

integumentary system: skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
exocrine system: glands that excrete their products through ducts onto the surface of the skin or other organs

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14
Q

how does age affect resistance and susceptibility

A

younger: defenses not developed
elderly: defenses in decline due to effects of aging

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15
Q

how does preexisting conditions affect resistance and susceptibility

A

increase susceptibility
decrease resistance

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16
Q

pathogenesis

A

the sequence of events where cells or tissues respond to an etiologic agent

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17
Q

incubation period

A

the time in which the disease is developing but there are no overt signs or symptoms

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18
Q

sign

A

objective observation made by a clinician and sometimes a patient about the clinical manifestations of the disease process

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19
Q

symptom

A

more subjective report of what a patient is feeling

20
Q

manifestation

A

an observable or quantifiable characteristic associated with a specific type of pathology

21
Q

latent period

A

no overt manifestations of disease, although disease can be found using other means such as lab tests… herpes

22
Q

exacerbation

A

the worsening of a disease condition

23
Q

resolution

A

occurs when the affected individual or part returns to normal

24
Q

morbidity

A

illness or disability associated with a disease

25
Q

mortality

A

death can occur as a consequence of a disease process

26
Q

complication

A

an additional disease process occurring at the same time and resulting from the conditions associated with the first disease process

27
Q

sequela

A

one or more conditions or pathologies that occur as a result of that disease, long term reminders

28
Q

relapse

A

occurs weeks or months after the pathology was thought to be gone

29
Q

prognosis

A

estimate of the most likely outcome of a disease

30
Q

cellular adaptation

A

changes inside the cell or surrounding area because of a pathologic process
normal or pathologic

31
Q

list of cellular adaptations

A

atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
intracellular retention
neoplasia

32
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size and function of cell, tissue, or organ

33
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of individual cell

34
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

35
Q

metaplasia

A

conversion of one differentiated cell to another

36
Q

dysplasia

A

creation of abnormal cells from normal cellsi

37
Q

intracellular retention

A

cells store excess of normal substance that is normally in smaller quantities

38
Q

neoplasia

A

a new growth of cells, not an adaptive change but a pathologic growth of cells

39
Q

reversible cell injury and list of causes

A

when there is persistent or chronic damage, or when cell is no longer able to adapt to changes
free radical
hypoxic cell injury
calcium imbalance

40
Q

free radical injury

A

a free radical is a highly reactive class of chemicals generated by the cells
O2 is most common free radical
if there is impaired cellular defense radical injury damages DNA

41
Q

hypoxic cell injury

A

lack of oxygen inhibits/stops production of energy within the cell, more water in the cell
influencing factors:
cell type, time, partial or complete deprivation

42
Q

imbalance of intracellular calcium

A

-malfunction of system maintaining sodium and potassium levels will impair the system maintaining magnesium levels
-too much influx of Ca2 can damage cell and compromise cell membrane eventually leading to lysis and death
-intracellular calcium concentration increases shortly after the onset of hypoxia

43
Q

irreversible cell injury

A

damage is too extreme and cell death occurs
apoptosis
necrosis

44
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, gets rid of defective or old cells

45
Q

necrosis

A

cell death usually due to inability to compensate or adapt to hostile environment, infections, chronic trauma, acute trauma
three types:
caseous: tuberculosis
coagulative: severe hypoxic conditions (myocardial infarction)
liquefactive: abscess

Pathology (12 decks)

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