Basic Pathology Flashcards
pathology
the study of abnormal conditions that may result from one or more of the following:
disease, traumatic injury, structural or biochemical errors, genetic abnormalities
etiology and terms
first element in the cause of a disease, can be a single entity or event or multiple cause
extrinsic
intrinsic
psychogenic
idiopathic
multifactorial
extrinsic etiology
microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, viruses
physical agents: temperature, ultrasound, UV radiation, microwaves, lasers
chemical: poison, acid, venom, drugs, lead, mercury
mechanical agents: knives, guns, motor vehicle accidents
nutritional deficiencies: scurvy, rickets, obesity
iatrogenic: infective endocarditis, hospital infection, results from activity of physicians
intrinsic etiology
genetic sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, some breast cancers
immunologic: autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hypersensitivity: allergies
degenerative: osteoporosis, osteoarthritis
psychogenic etiology
conscious or subconscious reactions or attitudes
posttraumatic stress disorder
idiopathic etiology
arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause
unknown
fibromyalgia
multifactorial etiology
more than one causative factor
primary hypertension
most cancers
resistance
natural ability of an organism to remain unaffected by pathogenic or toxic agents
susceptibility
conditions within or around the organism or host do not inhibit the action of pathogenic agents but instead leave the host more likely to be affected
resistance and susceptibility are affected by what factors
genetics
immune system dysfunction
first line defense
age
lifestyle
stress
environment
preexisting conditions
multiple risk factors
how do genetics affect resistance and susceptibility
(susceptibility) members of a genetic lineage may have a higher risk of developing a disease or condition than someone from another group
how does immune system dysfunction affect resistance and susceptibility
resistance: natural ability of an organism to remain unaffected by pathogenic or toxic agents
susceptibility: an organism’s mechanisms do not inhibit the pathogenic agents
exocrine glands: sweat and sebaceous glands, lining the GI tract and respiratory tract
compromised first-line defenses
how does first line defence affect resistance and susceptibility
integumentary system: skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
exocrine system: glands that excrete their products through ducts onto the surface of the skin or other organs
how does age affect resistance and susceptibility
younger: defenses not developed
elderly: defenses in decline due to effects of aging
how does preexisting conditions affect resistance and susceptibility
increase susceptibility
decrease resistance
pathogenesis
the sequence of events where cells or tissues respond to an etiologic agent
incubation period
the time in which the disease is developing but there are no overt signs or symptoms
sign
objective observation made by a clinician and sometimes a patient about the clinical manifestations of the disease process
symptom
more subjective report of what a patient is feeling
manifestation
an observable or quantifiable characteristic associated with a specific type of pathology
latent period
no overt manifestations of disease, although disease can be found using other means such as lab tests… herpes
exacerbation
the worsening of a disease condition
resolution
occurs when the affected individual or part returns to normal
morbidity
illness or disability associated with a disease
mortality
death can occur as a consequence of a disease process
complication
an additional disease process occurring at the same time and resulting from the conditions associated with the first disease process
sequela
one or more conditions or pathologies that occur as a result of that disease, long term reminders
relapse
occurs weeks or months after the pathology was thought to be gone
prognosis
estimate of the most likely outcome of a disease
cellular adaptation
changes inside the cell or surrounding area because of a pathologic process
normal or pathologic
list of cellular adaptations
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
intracellular retention
neoplasia
atrophy
decrease in size and function of cell, tissue, or organ
hypertrophy
enlargement of individual cell
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
metaplasia
conversion of one differentiated cell to another
dysplasia
creation of abnormal cells from normal cellsi
intracellular retention
cells store excess of normal substance that is normally in smaller quantities
neoplasia
a new growth of cells, not an adaptive change but a pathologic growth of cells
reversible cell injury and list of causes
when there is persistent or chronic damage, or when cell is no longer able to adapt to changes
free radical
hypoxic cell injury
calcium imbalance
free radical injury
a free radical is a highly reactive class of chemicals generated by the cells
O2 is most common free radical
if there is impaired cellular defense radical injury damages DNA
hypoxic cell injury
lack of oxygen inhibits/stops production of energy within the cell, more water in the cell
influencing factors:
cell type, time, partial or complete deprivation
imbalance of intracellular calcium
-malfunction of system maintaining sodium and potassium levels will impair the system maintaining magnesium levels
-too much influx of Ca2 can damage cell and compromise cell membrane eventually leading to lysis and death
-intracellular calcium concentration increases shortly after the onset of hypoxia
irreversible cell injury
damage is too extreme and cell death occurs
apoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis
programmed cell death, gets rid of defective or old cells
necrosis
cell death usually due to inability to compensate or adapt to hostile environment, infections, chronic trauma, acute trauma
three types:
caseous: tuberculosis
coagulative: severe hypoxic conditions (myocardial infarction)
liquefactive: abscess
