Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormones

A

lipid solubility allows passage through the membrane; have a receptor inside the cell, activate gene transcription

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2
Q

Non-steroid hormones (peptide and amine)

A

cannot pass through the membrane; have receptors outside of the cell, initiate 2nd messenger systems

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3
Q

Effects of the Gs pathway

A

ion channel activity via CNGs, gene transcription via CREs, Phosphorylation via activation of protein kinase A

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4
Q

hormone secretion may be controlled by

A

circardian rhythms, change in plasma, neurotransmitter activation, or other hormones

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5
Q

steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estradoil, progesterone
cortisol, aldosterone
(sex hormones and cortical steroids)

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6
Q

Amine hormones

A

thyroid hormones (T4), epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine, melatonin

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7
Q

what is TSH

A

a peptide hormone

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8
Q

phosphorylation may dictate

A

protein shape, activity stability, binding partners, or localization

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9
Q

blank collects hormones made by the hypothalamus; blank makes hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary, the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

nuclei in hypothalamus produce neurohormones; delivers releasing/ inhibiting hormones; synapse to posterior pituitary and release oxytocin and ADH

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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

epithelial tissue; endocrine tissue (delivers tropic hormones)

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12
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

nervous tissue; connects to hypothalamus via infunibulum and releases oxytocin and ADH

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13
Q

hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

A

the conduit that connects the brain to the anterior pituitary; made up of 2 capillary beds: one in the median eminence and the other in the anterior pituitary

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14
Q

explain the different types of hormones released at each level:
hypothalamus-> anterior pituitary -> endocrine gland

A

releasing/ inhibiting hormone, tropic hormone, effect hormone

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15
Q

TRH is a

A

releasing hormone

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16
Q

TSH is a

A

tropic hormone

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17
Q

in response to TSH- the thyroid secretes…

A

thyroxine, T3

18
Q

Levels of negative feedback:
short loop

A

tropic hormone on hypothalamus

19
Q

Levels of negative feedback:
long loop

A

effector hormone on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

20
Q

what will happen when an effector hormone is elevated in the blood

A

hypothalamus will produce less related releasing hormone and the pituitary will produce less related tropic hormone

21
Q

thyroid follicle

A

secretory and functional unit of the thyroid gland

22
Q

The apical side of the follicular cells faces

A

the lumen ( colloid)

23
Q

The basal side of the follicular cells faces…

24
Q

parafollicular cells release

A

calcitonin (lower blood calcium)

25
Thyroid Hormones Effects: cellular level
transcription of Na/K ATPase; increased protein synthesis, glycogen breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation; enhanced cholesterol synthesis (LDL regulation)
26
Thyroid hormone effects: system level
increase BMR and heat production; synthesis of adrenergic receptors (role in BP maintanence) (permissiveness); regulator of tissue growth and development
27
Hyperthyroidism
Grave's Disease: autoimmune (TSI mimics TSH); symptoms: elevated BMR, irregular rapid heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
28
Myxedema
adult hypothyroidism; symptoms: low BMR, feel "chilled", edema, lethargy, mental sluggishness
29
Cretinism
severe hypothyroidism in infants: short, disproportionate body, mental retardation
30
Goiter
hypothyroidism caused by an idodine deficiency (can't make as much thyroid hormone)
31
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis steps
requires Na+ and I- cotransporter, synthesis of thyroglobulin (stored in colloid), idodination of thyroglobulin, endocytosis of thyroglobulin containing T3 and T4 molecules, lysosomal enzymes release T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin
32
What is the role of pendrin in thyroid hormone synthesis
move I- into the colloid
33
TSH effects
TSH receptor activation stimulates all steps of thyroid hormone synthesis biological effects: gene transcription (specifically for the production on Na+/I- symporter, thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid hormones)
33
Why is TSH receptor activation important?
critical to development, growth, and function of the thyroid gland
34
Primary disease of the thyroid hormone
dysfunctional thyroid
35
secondary disease
dysfunctional pituitary and hypothalamus
36
A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland which ofte due to the over-secretion of TSH. In which of the following pathologies will you find goiter? primary hypothyroidism primary hyperthyroidism secondary hypothyroidism secondary hyperthyroidism
primary hypothyroidism, primary hyperthyroidism; secondary hyperthyroidism
37
If the body makes TSI that mimic TSH (binding to the receptors). You would expect someone with Grave's disease to exhibit...
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
38
would you expect someone with Grave's disease to have a goiter
yes
39