Endocrine

Question 1

Steroid and thyroid hormones

Answer 1

lipid solubility allows passage through the membrane; have a receptor inside the cell, activate gene transcription

Question 2

Non-steroid hormones (peptide and amine)

Answer 2

cannot pass through the membrane; have receptors outside of the cell, initiate 2nd messenger systems

Question 3

Effects of the Gs pathway

Answer 3

ion channel activity via CNGs, gene transcription via CREs, Phosphorylation via activation of protein kinase A

Question 4

hormone secretion may be controlled by

Answer 4

circardian rhythms, change in plasma, neurotransmitter activation, or other hormones

Question 5

steroid hormones

Answer 5

testosterone, estradoil, progesterone
cortisol, aldosterone
(sex hormones and cortical steroids)

Question 6

Amine hormones

Answer 6

thyroid hormones (T4), epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine, melatonin

Question 7

what is TSH

Answer 7

a peptide hormone

Question 8

phosphorylation may dictate

Answer 8

protein shape, activity stability, binding partners, or localization

Question 9

blank collects hormones made by the hypothalamus; blank makes hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus

Answer 9

posterior pituitary, the anterior pituitary

Question 10

hypothalamus

Answer 10

nuclei in hypothalamus produce neurohormones; delivers releasing/ inhibiting hormones; synapse to posterior pituitary and release oxytocin and ADH

Question 11

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 11

epithelial tissue; endocrine tissue (delivers tropic hormones)

Question 12

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 12

nervous tissue; connects to hypothalamus via infunibulum and releases oxytocin and ADH

Question 13

hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

Answer 13

the conduit that connects the brain to the anterior pituitary; made up of 2 capillary beds: one in the median eminence and the other in the anterior pituitary

Question 14

explain the different types of hormones released at each level:
hypothalamus-> anterior pituitary -> endocrine gland

Answer 14

releasing/ inhibiting hormone, tropic hormone, effect hormone

Question 15

TRH is a

Answer 15

releasing hormone

Question 16

TSH is a

Answer 16

tropic hormone

Question 17

in response to TSH- the thyroid secretes…

Answer 17

thyroxine, T3

Question 18

Levels of negative feedback:
short loop

Answer 18

tropic hormone on hypothalamus

Question 19

Levels of negative feedback:
long loop

Answer 19

effector hormone on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 20

what will happen when an effector hormone is elevated in the blood

Answer 20

hypothalamus will produce less related releasing hormone and the pituitary will produce less related tropic hormone

Question 21

thyroid follicle

Answer 21

secretory and functional unit of the thyroid gland

Question 22

The apical side of the follicular cells faces

Answer 22

the lumen ( colloid)

Question 23

The basal side of the follicular cells faces…

Answer 23

the blood

Question 24

parafollicular cells release

Answer 24

calcitonin (lower blood calcium)

Question 25

Thyroid Hormones Effects: cellular level

Answer 25

transcription of Na/K ATPase; increased protein synthesis, glycogen breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation; enhanced cholesterol synthesis (LDL regulation)

Question 26

Thyroid hormone effects: system level

Answer 26

increase BMR and heat production; synthesis of adrenergic receptors (role in BP maintanence) (permissiveness); regulator of tissue growth and development

Question 27

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 27

Grave’s Disease: autoimmune (TSI mimics TSH); symptoms: elevated BMR, irregular rapid heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exophthalmos (bulging eyes)

Question 28

Myxedema

Answer 28

adult hypothyroidism; symptoms: low BMR, feel “chilled”, edema, lethargy, mental sluggishness

Question 29

Cretinism

Answer 29

severe hypothyroidism in infants: short, disproportionate body, mental retardation

Question 30

Goiter

Answer 30

hypothyroidism caused by an idodine deficiency (can’t make as much thyroid hormone)

Question 31

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis steps

Answer 31

requires Na+ and I- cotransporter, synthesis of thyroglobulin (stored in colloid), idodination of thyroglobulin, endocytosis of thyroglobulin containing T3 and T4 molecules, lysosomal enzymes release T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin

Question 32

What is the role of pendrin in thyroid hormone synthesis

Answer 32

move I- into the colloid

Question 33

TSH effects

Answer 33

TSH receptor activation stimulates all steps of thyroid hormone synthesis
biological effects: gene transcription (specifically for the production on Na+/I- symporter, thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid hormones)

Question 33

Why is TSH receptor activation important?

Answer 33

critical to development, growth, and function of the thyroid gland

Question 34

Primary disease of the thyroid hormone

Answer 34

dysfunctional thyroid

Question 35

secondary disease

Answer 35

dysfunctional pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 36

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland which ofte due to the over-secretion of TSH. In which of the following pathologies will you find goiter?
primary hypothyroidism
primary hyperthyroidism
secondary hypothyroidism
secondary hyperthyroidism

Answer 36

primary hypothyroidism, primary hyperthyroidism; secondary hyperthyroidism

Question 37

If the body makes TSI that mimic TSH (binding to the receptors). You would expect someone with Grave’s disease to exhibit…

Answer 37

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Question 38

would you expect someone with Grave’s disease to have a goiter

Answer 38

yes