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A&P 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System vs. Endocrine System

A

Nervous:
- “Wired”
- Neurotransmitters travel a short distance
- Rapid response speed (milliseconds)
- Brief duration (milliseconds)

Endocrine:
- “Wireless”
- Hormones travel a long distance
- Slow response speed (mins-hrs)
- Longlasting effects (mins-days+)

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2
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.

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3
Q

Anabolic Hormones

A

Stimulate anabolism in target cells.

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4
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Molecules are manufactured by endocrine cells from cholesterol.
  • Attach to soluble plasma proteins
  • Receptors are found inside the cell instead of on the surface of the plasma protein.
  • Mobile receptor model
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5
Q

Nonsteroid hormones

A
  • Molecules are synthesized primarily from amino acids.
  • Second messenger model
    - Amplifies the effects of the hormone
    - Operates more quickly than steroid
  • Fixed-membrane receptor
    - Thyroid is an exception
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6
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Target reproductive tissues.

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7
Q

Second Messenger Model

A

1) Fixed receptor in the target cell’s plasma membrane
2) The message is then passed into the cell
3) Second messenger triggers the appropriate cell changes

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8
Q

Synergism

A

Combinations of hormones acting together to have a greater overall effect on a target cell.

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9
Q

Permissiveness

A

When a small amount of one hormone allows another to have its full effects on a target cell.

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10
Q

Antagonism

A
  • When one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone.
  • Fine-tunes the activities of target cells
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11
Q

Up-regulation

A

Increased number of hormone cells increases sensitivity of the target cell.

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12
Q

Down-regulation

A

Decreased number of hormone receptors decreases sensitivity of the target cell.

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates pituitary gland
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14
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • “Master gland”
  • Hormones regulate all the other glands
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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
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16
Q

Growth Hormone

A
  • Indirectly promotes body growth by stimulating the liver + other tissues to make Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1).
  • Promotes bone muscle and tissue growth.
  • Stimulates fat metabolism.
  • Acromegaly, gigantism, and pituitary dwarfism
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17
Q

Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the adrenal cortex.

Hypersecretion of ACTH:
- Cushing syndrome/disease

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18
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Promotes and maintains growth and development of the thyroid gland.

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19
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Females: Initiates development and maturity of follicles containing developing ovum.

Males: Stimulates development of seminiferous tubules and maintains sperm production.

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20
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Females: Stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary (tissue left behind when the follicle ruptures to release the ovum).

Males: Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of testosterone.

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21
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A
  • Initiation of milk secretion
    Hypersecretion:
    - Prolactinoma
    - common, benign pituitary tumor.
    Hyposecretion:
    - Milk production cannot be initiated or maintained.
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22
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  • Oxytocin (OT)
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23
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A
  • Help body conserve water
  • Cause water to be reabsorbed from tubules of the kidneys and returned to the blood.
  • Stimulates contraction of the muscles in small artery walls to increase blood pressure.
  • Hyposecretion of ADH: Diabetes insipidus
24
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A
  • Aids in milk secretion
  • Stimulates rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles in uterus during labor.
25
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • Melatonin
26
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • Thyroid Hormone (TH)
  • Calcitonin
27
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  • Regulation of metabolic rate of cells, processes of cell growth, and tissue differentiation.
  • General target - can target any cell in the body
  • Made up of 2 separate hormones; T3 (3 iodine atoms) and T4 (4 iodine atoms).
  • Graves’ disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism.
28
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • Tones down blood calcium levels
  • Increases bone formation by osteoblasts
  • Inhibits bone breakdown by osteoclasts
29
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A
  • Parathyroid Hormone
30
Q

Adrenal Gland

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
  • Androgens
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
31
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Adjusts blood sodium levels; increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
  • Promotes water retention by the body
  • Increases blood volume
  • Decreases urine production
  • Conn’s disease = hyperaldosteronism
32
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Accelerates breakdown of proteins into amino acids.
  • Essential for maintaining normal BP
  • Increased cortisol = decreased WBC = compromised immunity
  • Increases as a response to stress
  • Addison’s Disease (hypocortisol)
33
Q

Androgens

A
  • Small number of male hormones in both males and females
  • Influence the appearance of pubic and axillary hairs in both genders
34
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A
  • Epinephrine made in adrenal cortex; norepinephrine made in adrenal medulla.
  • Nonsteroidal hormones
  • Fight or flight
  • Bind to sympathetic effectors to prolong and enhance the effects of sympathetic reaction.
35
Q

Testes

A
  • Testosterone
36
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
37
Q

Thymus Gland

A
  • Thymosin
  • Thymopoietin
38
Q

Gastric and Intestinal Mucosa

A
  • Gastrin
  • Secretin
  • Cholecystokinin (CKK)
39
Q

Heart (Gland)

A
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
    OR
  • Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
40
Q

Adipose Tissue

A
  • Leptin
  • Resistin
41
Q

Kidneys (Gland)

A
  • Erythropoietin
42
Q

Pancreas Gland

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Pancreatic Polypeptide
  • Ghrelin
43
Q

Insulin

A
  • Promotes movement of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids out of the blood and into tissue cells
  • Lowers blood concentration of food molecules and promotes metabolism by tissue cells
  • Diabetes Type 1, Type 2, Gestational
44
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Promotes movement of glucose from storage into the blood
  • Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver cells to increase blood glucose levels
45
Q

Pancreatic Polypeptide

A
  • Influences GI motility
  • Feeling of hunger or fullness
46
Q

Ghrelin

A
  • Produced by cells in the stomach (gastric mucosa)
  • Regulation and coordination of secretion motor activities involved in digestion
  • Stimulates hunger; appetite boosting
47
Q

Placenta

A
  • human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
48
Q

Acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of GH after epiphyseal plates have closed.

49
Q

Gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of GH before epiphyseal plates have closed.

50
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of GH during the growth years.

51
Q

Cushing Disease

A

Hypersecretion of ACTH due to a pituitary tumor
OR High cortisol levels
- Upper body obesity
- Purple striae on abdomen, thighs, and breasts
- Round moon face
- Increased fat around the neck
- Relatively slender arms and legs

52
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune damage to thyroid resulting in hyposecretion of Thyroid Hormone (TH).

53
Q

Graves’ Disease

A
  • Hypersecretion of Thyroid Hormone (TH)
  • Exothalamos (protruding eyes) and goiter
  • Inherited/autoimmune
54
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Sluggishness/depression
  • Feeling colder
  • Forgetfulness
  • Slow heart rate
  • Weight gain
  • Skin dryness
  • Constipation
55
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Nervousness
  • Irritability
  • Increased perspiration
  • Heart racing
  • Anxiety
  • Hand tremor
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Weight loss
  • Hair loss
  • Thinning skin
  • Muscle weakness
56
Q

Addison’s disease

A
  • Hypocortisol
  • Weight loss
  • Muscle weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Low BP and sugar
  • Darkening of skin
  • Abdominal, joint, and muscle pain
  • Irritability
  • Depression
  • Dehydration

A&P 2 (9 decks)

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