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PHARM 110 Final > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

*Differentiate between autocrine and paracrine

A

Autocrine
- chemicals that exert effects on the same cells

Paracrine
- affect nearby cells

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2
Q

What are some of hormones actions?

A
  • Alter plasma membrane permeability
  • Stimulate protein synthesis
  • Activate or deactivate enzyme systems
  • Induce secretory activity
  • Stimulate mitosis
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3
Q

Where are the following receptors found?
ACTH
Thyroxin

A

ACTH
- on certain cells of the adrenal cortex

Thyroxin
- found on nearly all cells of the boyd

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4
Q

What are the 3 factors that target cell activation depend on?

A
  1. blood levels of hormone
  2. number of receptors on the target cell
  3. The affinity of those receptors
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5
Q

How are hormones removed? (2)

A
  • Degrading enzymes
  • The kidneys and liver enzymes
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6
Q

Which 2 hormones need to be bound to a plasma protein

A

Steroids
Thyroids

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of hormone interaction? explain them

A
  1. Permissiveness
    - allow actions of other hormones
  2. Synergism
    - 1 or more hormones can work on the same cell
  3. Antagonism
    - one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone
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8
Q

How are blood levels of hormones controlled?

A

negative feedback systems

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9
Q

What are the 3 stimuli to release hormones?
Explain them

A

Humoral stimuli
- Secretes hormones in response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients

Neural stimuli
- In response to nerve fibers

Hormonal Stimuli
- Tropic hormone: alter the secretion of other hormones

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10
Q

What overrides normal endocrine levels?

A

The hypothalamus and SNS

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11
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

Arachidonic acid

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12
Q

What enzyme do do glucocorticoids inhibit?
What step in the process of prostaglandins release does this occur in?
What does it block?

A

Phospholipase A2

From membrane phospholipid –> Arachidonic acid

Leukotrienes (asthma inflammations), thromboxanes, prostaglandins

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13
Q

What is the role of:

Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes
Prostagalndins

A

Leukotrienes
- Allergic reactions

Thromboxanes
- promote blood clotting

Prostagalndins
- promote inflammation, fever, labour, prevent clotting

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14
Q

What enzyme do do NSAIDs inhibit?
What step in the process of prostaglandins release does this occur in?
What does it block?

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX 1 +2)

Arachidonic acid –> PGH2

Blocks thromboxanes (blood clotting) + prostaglandins

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15
Q

Do all amino-acid based hormone action involve phosphorylation?

A

no

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16
Q

What are the steps for amino acid-based hormone action?

A
  1. Signal molecule binds to
  2. G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme
  3. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinase A (pkA)
  5. pka phosphorylates other proteins, leading to a cellular response
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17
Q

Explain the PIP2 mechanism

A
  1. Gq receptor activates phospholipase C
  2. membrane bound PIP2 cleaves Phospholipase C
  3. Forms DAG to active PKC or Forms IP3 to release calcium from ER to cytosol
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18
Q

How do steroid hormones cross a cell?

A
  • Cross plasma & nuclear membrane and are - hydrophobic
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19
Q

Do steroid hormones have long or fast effects? why?

A

Requires time as it alters the gene expression in transcription and translation
- takes longer to degrade
- works as dimers. Can target more than 1 gene

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20
Q

Define HER 2 and Herceptin

A

HER2: positive breast cancer have a more aggressive disease

Herceptin: Antibody for treatment of women with HER2 positive breast cancer

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21
Q

Differentiate between adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

A

Adenohyphysis:
- Anterior pituitary
- Synthesizes hormones
- Involved in growth, stress, reproduction

neurohypophysis:
- Receives, stores hormones from the hypothalamus

22
Q

What is the role of infundibulum?

A

Connects pituitary to hypothalamus

23
Q

What portal system does the anterior pituitary involve? Where are its neurons?
Is there contact between them?

A
  • Hypophyseal portal system
  • neurons in the ventral hypothalamus
  • There is no direct contact between them
24
Q

What tract does the posterior pituitary involve? Where are its neurons?
Is there contact between them?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

SON (suproptic nuclei)
PVN (paraventicular nuclei)

Yes, contact

25
Q

What does the hypophyseal contatin?

A
  1. Primary cappillary plexus
  2. The hypophyseal portal veins
  3. The secondary capillary plexus
26
Q

What are the 5 tropic hormones? (TAFLG)
What are the 3 other hormones?

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating
  2. Adrenocorticotropic
  3. Follicle stimulating
  4. Luteinizing hormone
  5. Growth hormone

Other 3:
- Prolactin
- B-lipotropin
- Melanocyte stimulating hormone

27
Q

Fever, hypoglycemia, and stress trigger a release of which hormone

A

CRH (corticotropin)

Cortisol is released

28
Q

Which hormones work to cause maturation of the ovaries?
Which hormone triggers ovulation?

A
  1. LH with FSH
  2. LH
29
Q

What inhibits prolactin for milk production?

A

PIH or dopamine

30
Q

What is released into the blood when the hypothalamic-hypophyseal (hypothalamus) tract is fired?

A

Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

31
Q

What type of feedback is the posterior pituitary process?

A

Positive feedback system

32
Q

What do high solutes in the ADH do? What do low solutes do?

A

High
- ADH release preserving water

Low
- Inhibits ADH release causing water loss

33
Q

What is the thyroid hormone concerned with (3)? What does it play a role in (4)?
What are its exceptions?
USTAT

A

Concerned with:
- Glucose oxidation
- Increasing metabolic hormone
- Heat production

Plays a role in:
1. maintaining blood pressure
2. Regulating tissue growth
3. Developing skeletal and nervous systems
4. Maturation and reproductive capabilities

Exceptions
- Uterus
- Spleen
- Testis
- Adult brain
- Thyroid gland

34
Q

What are the steps for synthesis of thyroid hormone?

A
  1. Thryoglobulin is synthesized into the lumen
  2. Iodides are actively taken into the cell and oxidized into Iodine and released into the lumen
  3. Thyroid peroxidase (enzyme) attaches iodine to tyrosine, forming T1 (MIT) and T2 (DIT)
  4. Thyroid peroxidase links together to form T3 and T4 (hydrophobic to dissolve in bloodstream)
  5. Endocytosis of T3 and T4 and cleaved in lysosomes and diffuse into the bloodstream
35
Q

Which is more active T3 or T4

A

T3

36
Q

How does T4 go into nuclear membrane

A

T4 gets converted into T3 in the cytoplasm and is then taken into the nuclear membrane

37
Q

What causes goiter? (enlarged thyroid)

A

a lack of Iodine

38
Q

What causes a higher TSH

A

Low T4 and T3

39
Q

What produces calcitonin?
What does it do? (2)

A

Produced by the parafollicular cells

Lowers blood Ca level in children to:
- inhibit osteoclast activity and release calcium
- Stimulate calcium incorporation into the bone matrix

40
Q

Which cells secrete parathyroid hormone?
What does it do?

A

Chief cells

  • regulates Ca2+ balance in the blood
  • PTH release increases Ca2+
41
Q

What are 3 things does release of Parathyroid stimulating hormone do in our body

A
  1. activates osteoclasts in bone
    - releases calcium from bone to blood
  2. enhances reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
  3. Promotes Vitamin D activation from the kidneys to calcitriol which increases Ca2+ absorption of the intestine
42
Q

What do the following corticosteroids produce in the adrenal cortex?

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  2. glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  3. Gonadocorticoids (androgrens)
43
Q

What does aldosterone do?

What are the positive and negative regulators of aldosterone

A

Maintains Na+ levels

Positive
- Increase K+ in blood
- Angiotensin 2
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Negative
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

44
Q

What do excess levels of glucocorticoids do?

A
  • Depress cartilage and bone formation
  • Inhibit inflammation and the immune system
45
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A
  1. Potent stimulator of the hear, bronchiole dilation, and increase blood flow
  2. Peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
46
Q

Which hormones are part of long term stress and which is part of short term

A

Short:
- catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Longterm
- Mineralcotricoids
- Glucocorticoids

47
Q

In the pancreas, What are involved with the alpha cells? beta cells?

A

Alpha: glucagon
Beta: insulin and amylin

48
Q

What occurs when BG levels are down?
up?

A

decrease BG level
- Alpha cells increase glucagon (positive feedback)
- Beta cells decrease insulin (negative)

increase BG level
- B cells increase insulin
- A cells are inhibited

49
Q

Explain:
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia

A
  1. Huge urine output
  2. Excessive thirst
  3. Excessive hunger and food consumption
50
Q

What are involved in the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin
Suprachiasmatic nucleus

PHARM 110 Final (6 decks)

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